Optimization of Electrified Powertrains for City Cars

Balazs, Andreas; Morra, Edoardo; Pischinger, Stefan

doi:10.4271/2011-01-2451

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The powertrain, similar to a series hybrid configuration, (Figure 2) consisted of a 65 kW fuel cell stack as the primary power source, and a 54 kWh battery designed to absorb energy from regenerative breaking. The EMS was a simple, rule-based, charge sustaining strategy [29] designed to maintain battery SOC around the chosen optimum of 55% and between 30 and 80% to improve efficiency [30]. Additionally, to reduce fuel consumption and fuel cell degradation, the EMS allowed the fuel cell to operate at its optimum, avoiding frequent load changes and high-power load conditions where possible [31].…”

Section: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the Distribution of Battery Electric and Fuel Cell Electric Buses in a Metropolitan Public Transport Network

Blades¹,

MacNeill²,

Zhang³

et al. 2022

SAE Technical Paper Series

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The need to decrease greenhouse gases emissions in the transport sector has resulted in the requirement for zero emission technologies in city centre bus fleets. Currently, battery electric buses are the most common choice, with both single deck and double deck vehicles in regular use. However, long-term operational capabilities are still largely unknown and unreported. Hydrogen fuel cell electric buses are an emerging zero emission technology that have the potential to complement a battery electric bus fleet where the duty cycle is challenging for current battery electric configurations. This paper compares the difference in energy consumption, for a given chassis configuration, passenger load, and heating requirement, of generic battery electric and hydrogen fuel cell electric buses operating in a typical UK city environment. A methodology was employed that will provide bus operators with a robust mechanism to inform buying decisions, based on their route characteristics, when transitioning to a zero-emission fleet. Simulations performed using battery electric and hydrogen fuel cell electric models showed that the hydrogen fuel cell electric bus has a much higher predicted range (435 km) and operating time (21.5 hours) than the battery electric equivalent (257 km and 12.7 hours) when considering mixed city operation. While the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle showed limited variation in the range across all drive cycles considered, the battery electric bus showed a high percentage decrease (17.3%) in range when subjected to drive cycles with higher average road gradient. Meanwhile, when considering operation on a drive cycle with 0% average road gradient, the battery electric bus was predicted to have a percentage increase in range of 15.4%. This study shows that when considering a zero-emission vehicle technology mix, the characteristics of the service routes should be considered before deciding which powertrain configuration to utilise on each route. Definitions, Acronyms, AbbreviationsBEB Battery Electric Bus CP Characteristic Parameter EMS Energy Management System FC Fuel Cell FCEB Fuel Cell Electric Bus FCEV Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle GVW Gross Vehicle Weight KML Keyhole Markup Language LUB LowCVP UK Bus NMC Nickel Manganese Cobalt RHP Recovery Heat Pump SOC State of Charge UKBC UK Bus Cycle ULEB Ultra-Low Emission Bus

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Section: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the Distribution of Battery Electric and Fuel Cell Electric Buses in a Metropolitan Public Transport Network

Blades¹,

MacNeill²,

Zhang³

et al. 2022

SAE Technical Paper Series

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The solution for the NOCP, the result of IPOPT, was the reference SOC trajectory. The more accurately and efficiently the NOCP was defined, the higher the quality of the solution provided by NLP derived from the solver [38][39][40][41][42].…”

Section: Nonlinear Programmingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is a form of a proportional-integral-derivative controller (S pid ), as shown in Equations ( 26) and (27). Equation ( 28) was used to prevent the equivalent factor from changing rapidly [33,38]. We have…”

Section: Adaptive Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

A New HEV Power Distribution Algorithm Using Nonlinear Programming

Lee

2022

Applied Sciences

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An equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) is one of the most powerful and practical ways to improve the fuel efficiency of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). In an ECMS, it is important to determine the optimal equivalent factor to reach a global optimal solution. The optimal equivalent factor is determined by driving conditions. Previous studies have used an adaptive ECMS (A-ECMS) to determine the appropriate equivalent factor according to changing driving conditions. An A-ECMS adjusts the equivalent factor by controlling the battery’s state of charge (SOC) to follow a reference SOC trajectory. It is therefore critical to identify a reference SOC trajectory that reflects real-world driving conditions. These conditions, which are composed of the HEV’s nonlinear dynamics and complex constraints, can be formulated into a nonlinear optimal control problem (NOCP). Here, we propose applying nonlinear programming (NLP) to an A-ECMS. The NLP-based ECMS algorithm can be divided into two parts: the use of an NLP to solve an NOCP to obtain the reference SOC trajectory and the application of an NLP solution (the result of the first part) to an A-ECMS. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed NLP-based ECMS closely resembles a global optimal solution for dynamic programming in a relatively brief calculation time.

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Design, Modeling, and Testing of Hybrid-Electric Fixed-Wing VTOL Aircraft Propulsion System

Tao,

Li,

et al. 2024

Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering

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Optimization of Electrified Powertrains for City Cars

Cited by 7 publications

References 9 publications

Determining the Distribution of Battery Electric and Fuel Cell Electric Buses in a Metropolitan Public Transport Network

Determining the Distribution of Battery Electric and Fuel Cell Electric Buses in a Metropolitan Public Transport Network

A New HEV Power Distribution Algorithm Using Nonlinear Programming

Design, Modeling, and Testing of Hybrid-Electric Fixed-Wing VTOL Aircraft Propulsion System

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