Optimization of Extraction and HPLC–MS/MS Profiling of Phenolic Compounds from Red Grape Seed Extracts Using Conventional and Deep Eutectic Solvents

Abstract

Winemaking generates large quantities of grape waste consisting of seeds, skin and stalks. Given that grape seeds are a rich source of different bioactive compounds, the main goal of this research was to optimize grape seed phenol extraction using a Box–Behnken design. The following conditions were derived from the optimization process: sample:solvent ratio of 1:10 w/v, extraction time of 30 min and extraction temperature of 50 °C. In addition, a sustainable (green) approach for obtaining extracts was developed by comparing choline chloride:citric acid-ChCit (natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES)) and ethanol extraction methods with respect to phenol profiles and antioxidant activity. This study was conducted on seeds from eight different red grape varieties. Phenolic acids, flavan-3-ols and procyanidins were characterized using HPLC–MS/MS, and the concentration of procyanidin B1 was above 1 mg/g of dry weight in all analyzed samples. The contents of all phenol classes and antioxidant activities were found to not differ significantly between the solvents, but NADES was found to offer valuable advantages. Importantly, ChCit showed a strong affinity toward procyanidins and a strong correlation between antioxidant activity and quantified phenolic compounds.

Antioxidative Effects of Black Currant and Cornelian Cherry Juices in Different Tissues of an Experimental Model of Metabolic Syndrome in Rats

“…The applied HPLC–MS/MS method has been found to be suitable for juice sample analysis in a total time of 30 min. Chromatographic separations of phenolic compounds were achieved following the optimized method previously reported [ 12 ]. The TIC (total ion chromatograms) and EIC (extracted ion chromatograms) data are presented in the Supplementary Materials (Figure S1) .…”

“…HPLC–MS/MS analysis was performed according to the method described by Debetic et al [ 12 ]. Briefly, Pursuit 3 PFP 150 × 4.6 mm, 3 μm column (Agilent Technologies, Amstelveen, The Netherlands) was utilized for chromatographic separations at a flow rate of 800 μL/min.…”

Background and Perspectives on the Utilization of Canes’ and Bunch Stems’ Residues from Wine Industry as Sources of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds

“…This kind of solvent is characterized by good physicochemical properties in terms of sustainability of extraction processes, including negligible volatility, a liquid state even at temperatures far below 0 °C, adjustable viscosity, a wide polar range, and a high versatility for solubilization of different compounds . Some applications of NADEs as extractants of PCs from winemaking byproducts like grape pomace and seeds, where different combinations of components for NADEs preparation were proposed. − Most of them used choline chloride based NADEs, and in general the performance of the NADEs was similar or lower than the CSLE. Besides these results, the possibility to manage the structure of the solvent according to a particular interest in the extraction of compounds and the potential increase in sustainability claimed, encourage the NADEs application.…”

Advances in Natural Product Extraction Techniques, Electrospun Fiber Fabrication, and the Integration of Experimental Design: A Comprehensive Review

“…Furthermore, a significant contributor to selectivity is the stationary phase. The pentafluorophenyl (PFP) column exhibited greater resolution of chromatographic separation for isomeric phenols with identical m/z values as precursors and product ions than the C-18 and phenyl hexyl columns [ 61 , 62 ]. To demonstrate the efficacy of MAE, the phenolic compounds in olive leaf extracts obtained from experimental variables that influence the extraction process were analyzed using an HPLC coupled to electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS) and electrospray ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-IT-MS/MS).…”