Optimization of HS-SPME analytical conditions using factorial design for trihalomethanes determination in swimming pool water samples

Abstract

a b s t r a c t Trihalomethanes (THMs) are widely referred and studied as disinfection by-products (DBPs). The THMs that are most commonly detected are chloroform (TCM), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), chlorodibromomethane (CDBM), and bromoform (TBM). Several studies regarding the determination of THMs in swimming pool water and air samples have been published. This paper reviews the most recent work in this field, with a special focus on water and air sampling, sample preparation and analytical determination methods. An experimental study has been developed in order to optimize the headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) conditions of TCM, BDCM, CDBM and TBM from water samples using a 2 3 factorial design. An extraction temperature of 45 °C, for 25 min, and a desorption time of 5 min were found to be the best conditions.Analysis was performed by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD).The method was successfully applied to a set of 27 swimming pool water samples collected in the Oporto area (Portugal). TCM was the only THM detected with levels between 4.5 and 406.5 μg L −1. Four of the samples exceeded the guideline value for total THMs in swimming pool water (100 μg L ) indicated by the Portuguese Health Authority.

Response surface optimization of SPME extraction conditions for the analysis of volatile compounds in Brazilian sugar cane spirits by HS-SPME-GC-MS

“…However, the fibre coating might begin to lose its ability to adsorb analytes at higher temperatures. This effect can result in a decrease in the extraction of volatile compounds, as seen at temperatures >45°C .…”

“…In addition to reducing the time spent on the experiments, response surface optimization has a number of tests to determine the optimum level that are often consistent with the actual conditions of the analyses . Because the analysis by SPME involves a number of factors, the use of factorial design associated with the response surface analysis has been applied in different optimizations that include the pesticide residue analysis in fruits and vegetables , trihalomethanes in swimming pools , heterocyclic compounds in wines , aromatic compounds in cooked meat and carbonyl compounds in beer , among others. The present study sought to evaluate the influence of the extraction temperature, extraction time and desorption time on the analysis of volatile compounds in cachaça samples and optimize the extraction conditions by the use of response surface methods.…”

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Produced By The Rhizosphere Actinobacteria Streptomyces Sp. and Amycolatopsis Sp. Strains and Their Antifungal Activity Against Colletotrichum Musae

“…Studies on mVOCs highlight the use of headspace-solid phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) as appropriate tool to obtain the compounds under relatively mild conditions. The extraction occurs in the absence of solvents and it is based on the partition equilibrium of analytes between the sample matrix and the extraction phase [18,19]. Different types of mixed fibers can be used as matrix, including polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene-carboxene (PDMS/DVB/CAR), polydimethylsiloxanedivinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) and polydimethylsiloxane-carboxene (PDMS/CAR).…”

Comparison of Spot and Time Weighted Averaging (TWA) Sampling with SPME-GC/MS Methods for Trihalomethane (THM) Analysis

“…The literature has shown that use of solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique affords the possibility of sampling THM analytes by either method (spot [16][17][18] and TWA [19][20][21]) with easy incorporation to subsequent GC/MS analysis. Work by Stack [22] and Valencia [23] have shown the utility of headspace-(HS-) SPME with GC/MS for measurement of THMs from swimming pools and chlorinated drinking waters.…”