Optimization of Mixing Conditions for Silica-Reinforced Natural Rubber Tire Tread Compounds

Kaewsakul, Wisut; Sahakaro, Kannika; Dierkes, Wilma K.; Noordermeer, Jacobus W.M.

doi:10.5254/rct.12.88935

Cited by 117 publications

(158 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Therefore, the conductivity of the composites could be enhanced and the dielectric constant could be reduced if the CNT forms threedimensional networks in the rubber matrix, with minimal gaps between the CNT bundles. Silane coupling agent, particularly bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide (TESPT), has been long applied to enhance filler dispersion (CB, CNT and silica) in NR and ENR matrices [5]. It was found that incorporation of TESPT significantly improved dispersion of CNT in NR and ENR matrices and improved the optimal conductivity by about two orders of magnitude relative to composites without TESPT [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, improved filler-rubber interactions not only enhance the conductivity of the rubber vulcanizates via improved filler dispersion, but also the reduce thickness of the rubber layer absorbed on filler surfaces. Table 6 indicates the bound rubber layer thickness (δ) calculated from Equation (5). It is clearly seen that the δ for ENR vulcanizates is less than for the NR vulcanizates, promoting lower φ c for the ENR composites.…”

Section: Electrical and Morphological Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The un-vulcanized samples were initially cut into small pieces and inserted into a cage with 300 mesh sieves. The samples were then immersed and soaked in toluene for about 72 h, renewing the toluene every 24 h. The samples were removed from toluene and then dried at 105°C for at least 24 h before immersing in toluene again for another 72 h at room temperature, either in the normal state or in ammonia atmosphere [5], renewing of toluene every 24 h. This was to cleave the physical linkages between rubber and filler surfaces. Finally, the samples were removed from the solvent, dried at 105°C for at least 24 h and then weighted.…”

Section: Bound Rubber Content and Bound Rubbermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT) on properties of carbon nanotubes and conductive carbon black hybrid filler filled natural rubber nanocomposites

Nakaramontri¹,

Kummerloewe²,

Vennemann³

et al. 2018

Express Polym. Lett.

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Abstract. Natural rubber (NR) and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) vulcanizates reinforced by carbon nanotubes (CNT), conductive carbon black (CCB) and CNT/CCB hybrid filler without and with bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide (TESPT) silane coupling agent were prepared using an internal mixer and a two-roll mill. Attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was used to determine chemical interactions among rubber molecules, filler surfaces and silane molecules. In addition, the filler-filler interaction in NR and ENR matrices were assessed from wetting ability and Payne effect. Furthermore, the coupling by TESPT of filler surfaces and rubber molecules was clarified by temperature stress scanning relaxation (TSSR) technique. It was found that the rubber bound by physical absorption decreased with addition of TESPT, while the chemically bound amount significantly increased. This correlates well with estimates of physically and chemically bound rubber from swelling method and morphological properties. It was also found that the optimal electrical conductivity, percolation threshold concentration and dielectric constant of the composites were effectively improved by addition of TESPT. The improvement was confirmed by ANOVA. This indicates a great opportunity to manufacture smart materials with superior conductivity and dielectric constant, together with optimal scorch time, cure time and crosslinking properties.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electrical and Morphological Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bound Rubber Content and Bound Rubbermentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Effect of bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT) on properties of carbon nanotubes and conductive carbon black hybrid filler filled natural rubber nanocomposites

Nakaramontri¹,

Kummerloewe²,

Vennemann³

et al. 2018

Express Polym. Lett.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…But at a temperature above 160°C the silane starts to react with the elastomer to form premature crosslinks [3]. For silica-filled NR compounds with TESPT as coupling agent, a discharge temperature is recommended in the range of 135-150°C while a higher temperature leads to degradation of the NR [4]. All silanes with alkoxy functional groups may react with the silanol groups on the silica and so shield the silica surface to make it more hydrophobic [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silane grafted natural rubber and its compatibilization effect on silica-reinforced rubber tire compounds

Sengloyluan¹,

Sahakaro²,

Dierkes³

et al. 2017

Express Polym. Lett.

Self Cite

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Abstract. Natural Rubber (NR) grafted with 3-octanoylthio-1-propyltriethoxysilane (NXT) was prepared by melt mixing using 1,1′-di(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane as initiator at 140°C with NXT contents of 10 and 20 parts per hundred rubber [phr] and initiator 0.1 phr. The silane grafted on NR molecules was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H-NMR) and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Based on 1 H-NMR, the use of 10 and 20 phr (parts per hundred resin) of silane resulted in grafted NXT onto NR of 0.66 and 1.32 mol%, respectively, or a grafting efficiency of approx.38%. The use of NXT-grafted NR as compatibilizer in silica-filled NR compounds, to give a total amount of NXT in both grafted and non-grafted forms in the range of 0.8-6.1 wt% relative to the silica, decreases the Mooney viscosity and Payne effect of the compounds, improves filler-rubber interaction, and significantly increases the tensile properties of the silica-filled NR-compounds compared to the non-compatibilized one. At the same silane-content, the use of silane-grafted NR gives slightly better properties than the straight use of the same silane. With sulfur compensation, the use of NXT-grafted-NR with about 6 wt% NXT relative to the silica gives technical properties that reach the levels obtained for straight use of bis-(3-triethoxysilyl-propyl)tetrasulfide (TESPT) at 8.6 wt% relative to the silica.

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“…This is called ''pre-scorch'' and might cause the processability difficulties. [22,37] [38] Model compound studies were also carried out to investigate this ''pre-scorch'' reaction further. [34,35,39] By mixing only TESPT and squalene (which is a model substance of rubber), the average sulfur length of the silane decreases.…”

Section: -3-1 Introduction Of Silanementioning

confidence: 99%

Reinforcing mechanisms of silica / sulfide-silane vs. mercapto-silane filled tire tread compounds

Satō¹

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Optimization of Mixing Conditions for Silica-Reinforced Natural Rubber Tire Tread Compounds

Cited by 117 publications

References 13 publications

Effect of bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT) on properties of carbon nanotubes and conductive carbon black hybrid filler filled natural rubber nanocomposites

Effect of bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT) on properties of carbon nanotubes and conductive carbon black hybrid filler filled natural rubber nanocomposites

Silane grafted natural rubber and its compatibilization effect on silica-reinforced rubber tire compounds

Reinforcing mechanisms of silica / sulfide-silane vs. mercapto-silane filled tire tread compounds

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