Glossary of Abbreviations iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase COX-2: cyclooxygenase 2 CAT: catalase SOD: superoxide dismutase GSH-px: glutathione peroxidase Bcl-2: -cell lymphoma 2 (anti-apoptotic protein of the Bcl-2 family) GLUT-4: glucose transporter type Fas: cell surface death receptor XIAP: X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein FLIP: FLICE (caspase 8)-inhibitory protein AKT: serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, also known as PKB (protein kinase B) Bid: BH3 interacting domain death agonist (pro-apoptotic protein of the Bcl-2 family) Bim: BH3 only protein (pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family) Bak: Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer (pro-apoptotic protein of the Bcl-2 family) Bax: Bcl-2-associated X protein (pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family) p53: tumor suppressor protein (p) 53 NF-B: nuclear factor kappa B, a transcription factor involved in stress responses and regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis Bcl-xl: -cell lymphoma-extra large (anti-apoptotic protein of the Bcl-2 family) PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase RAF-1: rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma, a serine/threonine-specific kinase ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor, a proliferation-stimulating protein Con formato: Español (Chile) Con formato: Inglés (Estados Unidos) Con formato: Inglés (Reino Unido) According to Liu (2004), phytochemicals are categorized into six major groups: phenolic compounds, alkaloids, nitrogen-containing compounds, organosulfur compounds, phytosterols and carotenoids. According to Liu (2004), phytochemicals are bioactive non-nutritive compounds present in fruit, vegetables and other plant foods that have been related to reductions in the risks of major NCDs. They have been widely studied in the last two decades through in vitro assays, in vivo models and clinical trials, which have shed light into the structure-function relation responsible for their healthpromoting effects. In plants, phytochemicals accomplish defence and reproductive functions (Huang, Xiao, Burton-Freeman, & Edirisinghe, 2016). They are categorized into six major groups: phenolic compounds, alkaloids, nitrogen-containing compounds, organosulfur compounds, phytosterols and carotenoids. Phenolic compounds are the most studied phytochemicals since they are ubiquitous and abundant in all plant-based diets (Tsao, 2010). They are chemically defined as compounds having one or more aromatic rings with one or more hydroxyl groups (Liu, 2004). One high-value group of polyphenolic compounds-or polyphenols-only found in brown seaweeds are phlorotannins. These have attracted considerable interest because of their superior antioxidant capacity (Shibata, Ishimaru, Kawaguchi, Yoshikawa, & Hama, 2008; Wang et al., 2012) and valuable biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycaemic and anti-tumour (Catarino, Silva, & Cardoso, 2017). Although phlorotannins have been widely studied through in vitro assays, in vivo models and some clinical trials, which have shed light into a possibl...