Optimization of production conditions for synthesis of chemically activated carbon produced from pine cone using response surface methodology for CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption

Khalili, Soodabeh; Khoshandam, Behnam; Jahanshahi, Mohsen

doi:10.1039/c5ra18986a

Cited by 36 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 64 publications

(48 reference statements)

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“…However, the increase in iodine value with increasing activation time could be explained by the fact that prickly pear seed cakes are hard, and thus a long activation time allows for the development of carbon porosity [57]. These findings are in accordance with those of Khalili et al [58]. Measured values of IN and MB index showed that the activated carbons obtained were also capable of adsorbing small and large molecules, thus suggesting the existence of micropores and macropores, as expected for activated carbons prepared by chemical activation from lignocellulosic biomass.…”

Section: Analysis Of Variance (Anova) and Surface Response Analysissupporting

confidence: 89%

Optimization of the Preparation of Activated Carbon from Prickly Pear Seed Cake for the Removal of Lead and Cadmium Ions from Aqueous Solution

et al. 2022

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In this study, we evaluated the use of prickly pear seed cake, a by-product of prickly pear seed oil extraction, as a new precursor for producing activated carbon by phosphoric acid activation, and the obtained carbon’s capacity for heavy metal removal from aqueous solution. Response surface methodology based on the full factorial design at two levels (24) was developed to reduce the number of experiments and reach optimal preparation conditions for the removal of cadmium and lead ions from aqueous solutions. Design Expert 11.1.2.0 Trial software was used for generating the statistical experimental design and analyzing the observed data. Factors influencing the activation process, such as carbonization temperature, activation temperature, activation time, and impregnation ratio, were studied. Responses were studied in depth with an analysis of variance to estimate their significance. Each response was outlined by a first-order regression equation demonstrating satisfactory correspondence between the predicted and experimental results as the adjusted coefficients of correlation. Based on the statistical data, the best conditions for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution by the obtained activated carbon were indicated. The maximum iodine number and methylene blue index were 2527.3 mg g−1 and 396.5 mg g−1, respectively, using activated carbon obtained at the following conditions: Tc = 500 °C, Ta = 500 °C, impregnation ratio = 2:1 (g H3PO4: g carbon), and activation time of two hours. The maximum adsorption reached 170.2 mg g−1 and 158.4 mg g−1 for Cd2+ and Pb2+, respectively, using activated carbon obtained at the following conditions: Tc = 600 °C, Ta = 400 °C, impregnation ratio = 2:1 (g H3PO4: g carbon), and activation time of one hour. The activated carbon obtained was characterized by Boehm titration, pH of point of zero charge (pHPZC), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area (SBET), and scanning electron microscopy. Adsorption was performed according to different parameters: pH solution, adsorbent dosage, temperature, contact time, and initial concentration. Regeneration experiments proved that the obtained activated carbon still had a high removal capacity for Cd2+ and Pb2+ after five regeneration cycles.

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Section: Analysis Of Variance (Anova) and Surface Response Analysissupporting

confidence: 89%

Optimization of the Preparation of Activated Carbon from Prickly Pear Seed Cake for the Removal of Lead and Cadmium Ions from Aqueous Solution

et al. 2022

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“…The CO 2 heat of adsorption increased with increased surface coverage for py-HSW before and after NH 3 exposure and for py-ox wood after NH 3 exposure, unlike the expected trend for monolayer gas adsorption of noninteracting gas molecules. Varying degrees of a positive dependence of Q st on surface coverage have been reported for amine-functionalized scaffolds. − Adsorbate–adsorbate interactions indicative of increasing Q st with increasing surface coverage have been explained as the cooperative binding of CO 2 molecules, whereby a higher heat of adsorption for a second incoming CO 2 molecule is observed, if an adjacent binding site is occupied by a CO 2 molecule. , …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequential Ammonia and Carbon Dioxide Adsorption on Pyrolyzed Biomass to Recover Waste Stream Nutrients

Krounbi

Enders

Anderton

et al. 2020

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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The amine-rich surfaces of pyrolyzed human solid waste (py-HSW) can be “primed” or “regenerated” with carbon dioxide (CO2) to enhance their adsorption of ammonia (NH3) for use as a soil amendment. To better understand the mechanism by which CO2 exposure facilitates NH3 adsorption to py-HSW, we artificially enriched a model sorbent, pyrolyzed, oxidized wood (py-ox wood) with amine functional groups through exposure to NH3. We then exposed these N-enriched materials to CO2 and then resorbed NH3. The high heat of CO2 adsorption (Q st) on py-HSW, 49 kJ mol–1, at low surface coverage, 0.4 mmol CO2 g–1, showed that the naturally occurring N compounds in py-HSW have a high affinity for CO2. The Q st of CO2 on py-ox wood also increased after exposure to NH3, reaching 50 kJ mol–1 at 0.7 mmol CO2 g–1, demonstrating that the incorporation of N-rich functional groups by NH3 adsorption is favorable for CO2 uptake. Adsorption kinetics of py-ox wood revealed continued, albeit diminishing NH3 uptake after each CO2 treatment, averaging 5.9 mmol NH3 g–1 for the first NH3 exposure event and 3.5 and 2.9 mmol NH3 g–1 for the second and third; the electrophilic character of CO2 serves as a Lewis acid, enhancing surface affinity for NH3 uptake. Furthermore, penetration of 15NH3 and 13CO2 measured by NanoSIMS reached over 7 μm deep into both materials, explaining the large NH3 capture. We expected similar NH3 uptake in py-HSW sorbed with CO2 and py-ox wood because both materials, py-HSW and py-ox wood sorbed with NH3, had similar N contents and similarly high CO2 uptake. Yet NH3 sorption in py-HSW was unexpectedly low, apparently from potassium (K) bicarbonate precipitation, reducing interactions between NH3 and sorbed CO2; 2-fold greater surface K in py-HSW was detected after exposure to CO2 and NH3 than before gas exposure. We show that amine-rich pyrolyzed waste materials have high CO2 affinity, which facilitates NH3 uptake. However, high ash contents as found in py-HSW hinder this mechanism.

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“…From the table, the RSS-IL 800 sample has relatively higher CO 2 adsorption capacity compared with the commercial ACs, Norit ® SX2 and Norit ROX, at 1.88 and 2.02 mmol/g, respectively. The commercial AC is considered benchmark material; however, they are relatively expensive [59]. Moreover, the CO 2 adsorption capacity of non-biomass materials such as zeolite 13X and MOF-5 is lower than that of sample RSS-IL 800 at 2.42 and 2.43 mmol/g, respectively.…”

Section: Comparison Studies With Other Adsorbent Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Rubber Seed Shell–Activated Carbon Using Impregnated Pyridinium-Based Ionic Liquid for Enhanced CO2 Adsorption

et al. 2021

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In this study, rubber seed shell was used for the production of activated carbon by chemical activation using an ionic liquid, [C4Py][Tf2N] as an activating agent. Sample RSS-IL 800 shows the highest specific surface area of 393.99 m2/g, a total pore volume of 0.206 cm3/g, and a micropore volume of 0.172 cm3/g. The performance of AC samples as an adsorbent for CO2 was also studied using a static volumetric technique evaluated at a temperature of 25 °C and 1 bar pressure. The CO2 adsorption capacity for sample RSS-IL 800 was 2.436 mmol/g, comparable with reported data from the previous study. Results also show that the CO2 adsorption capacity decreased at a higher temperature between 50 and 100 °C and increased at elevated pressure due to its exothermic behavior. The Langmuir model fits the adsorption data well, and the isosteric heat of adsorption proved that the physisorption process and exothermic behavior occur.

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Optimization of production conditions for synthesis of chemically activated carbon produced from pine cone using response surface methodology for CO₂ adsorption

Abstract: A new insight to the production optimization of activated carbon from pine cone using RSM methodology for CO2 adsorption.

Cited by 36 publications

References 64 publications

Optimization of the Preparation of Activated Carbon from Prickly Pear Seed Cake for the Removal of Lead and Cadmium Ions from Aqueous Solution

Optimization of the Preparation of Activated Carbon from Prickly Pear Seed Cake for the Removal of Lead and Cadmium Ions from Aqueous Solution

Sequential Ammonia and Carbon Dioxide Adsorption on Pyrolyzed Biomass to Recover Waste Stream Nutrients

Development of Rubber Seed Shell–Activated Carbon Using Impregnated Pyridinium-Based Ionic Liquid for Enhanced CO2 Adsorption

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Optimization of production conditions for synthesis of chemically activated carbon produced from pine cone using response surface methodology for CO2 adsorption

Abstract: A new insight to the production optimization of activated carbon from pine cone using RSM methodology for CO2 adsorption.

Cited by 36 publications

References 64 publications

Optimization of the Preparation of Activated Carbon from Prickly Pear Seed Cake for the Removal of Lead and Cadmium Ions from Aqueous Solution

Optimization of the Preparation of Activated Carbon from Prickly Pear Seed Cake for the Removal of Lead and Cadmium Ions from Aqueous Solution

Sequential Ammonia and Carbon Dioxide Adsorption on Pyrolyzed Biomass to Recover Waste Stream Nutrients

Development of Rubber Seed Shell–Activated Carbon Using Impregnated Pyridinium-Based Ionic Liquid for Enhanced CO2 Adsorption

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Optimization of production conditions for synthesis of chemically activated carbon produced from pine cone using response surface methodology for CO₂ adsorption