Optimization of Synthetic Inertial Response from Wind Power Plants

Altin, Müfıt; Kuhlmann, Jan Christian; Das, Kaushik; Hansen, Alexander

doi:10.3390/en11051051

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Wind turbines can deliver primary reserve faster than is currently required. Also, wind turbines can deliver synthetic inertia, which can solve the problem of the reduced inertia of the grid due to high shares of VRE [26]. In this way, the well-known ramping products [27] and the P2X solutions [28] are important aspects to explore.…”

Section: Status Of Some European Countries and Product Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Variable Renewable Energy and Market Design: New Products and a Real-World Study

et al. 2019

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Most existing energy markets (EMs) were not designed to take into account an active participation of variable renewable energy (VRE). This situation results typically in imbalances and substantial costs in balancing markets. Such costs are reflected both in the energy and the VRE parts of the consumer tariffs. Both appropriate market products and new elements of market design may largely facilitate the large-scale integration of VRE in EMs. Accordingly, this article presents a new bilateral energy contract and introduces two new marketplaces that can contribute to reduce the imbalances resulting from VRE producers. It also presents a study conducted with the help of an agent-based tool, called MATREM. The results indicate a significant decrease in the imbalances and the associated costs. Energies 2019, 12, 4576 2 of 17To address the issues associated with the participation of VRE producers in markets, adaptations to the current market structure as well as new elements of market design have been proposed by theorists and practitioners working on the area of competitive energy markets. For instance, the International Energy Agency points out that the physical transactions of electrical energy in power systems with high shares of VRE need to be made by considering auctions and centralized pools, and should not take into account feed-in-tariffs or other supporting schemes. The process of trading energy also needs to be improved by defining the terms of the transactions up to 30 min before real-time operation with an interval up to 10 min [6]. This near real-time negotiation is also supported by the Clean Energy Package (Article 7), published by the European Commission [7]. In this package, a new proposal for regulating the Internal Market for Electricity is presented, with the main goals of stimulating the global leadership of Europe in renewables, harmonizing markets rules, supporting the integration of VRE, and increasing the general welfare of consumers (see [8] for a complete overview). Article 6 of the new proposal indicates that market operators should develop new products to accommodate the increasing levels of VRE and support demand-response programs. Now, generally speaking, European markets typically allow bidding up to 5 to 30 min before real-time operation, contributing to reduce the imbalances resulting from VRE producers. The markets of North-America and Australia present some additional flexibility by including 5-min real-time (sub-)markets. Despite this, most real-world markets operate by considering power (MW) and not energy (MWh), thus allowing to some extent substantial deviations of VRE producers.Against this background, this article presents a new bilateral energy contract, called short-term energy (STE) contract, and introduces two new marketplaces that may allow to reduce the imbalances resulting from VRE producers (we note that throughout the article the terms "new marketplace" and "new market product" will be used interchangeably). The main aim is to enable an active and competitive participa...

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Section: Status Of Some European Countries and Product Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Variable Renewable Energy and Market Design: New Products and a Real-World Study

et al. 2019

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“…Wind energy is one of modern power systems' most utilized renewable sources [4]. Consequently, wind energy conversion systems (WECSs) should be more responsible for supporting future electric grids characterized by low inertia properties [5,6]. Switching-mode high-power electronic converters mostly separate modern variablespeed wind turbine generators (VSWTGs) from the power grid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Synthetic Inertia Control for Wind Energy Conversion System

Fathallah,

Liu,

Rashad

et al. 2023

IEEE Access

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Participation of modern variable-speed wind turbine generators in system frequency support has gained much attention from various transmission system operators to increase renewable technology hosting capacity in their power networks. A supplementary control loop is added to enable the modern variable-speed wind turbine generators to act as traditional alternators and utilize their hidden inertia. However, conventional natural inertia control strategies, such as typical ROCOF-dependent and ∆f-dependent controllers, have limited effectiveness in diverse power system operating and contingency conditions. In this work, the two variants of typical natural inertia controllers are first discussed. Then, two novel adaptive control structures, adaptive ROCOF-dependent and adaptive ∆f-dependent, are proposed. The proposed controllers adaptively change their gains based on the ∆f and ROCOF signals, respectively, while also considering the wind speed at which the sudden load changes occurred. The results illustrate the superiority of the proposed controllers in handling severe operating condition changes. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis for the typical and proposed controllers shows that the proposed controllers are the best controllers that can be used under different wind penetration levels, wind speeds, and sudden load changes in terms of various key performance indicators, especially frequency nadir, maximum ROCOF, and maximum deviation in frequency.INDEX TERMS Power Systems, frequency control, frequency deviation, rate of change of frequency (ROCOF), variable speed wind turbine, inertial response, dynamic performance, sudden load change, wind.

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“…There are multiple publications on developing controllers to provide frequency response from WTs, where the kinetic energy from the rotor of WTs are transmitted to the grid [7][8][9][10]. However, the provision of such support can stress the mechanical components of the WTs [11], leading to the instability of the WT, as well as its reduced lifetime.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast Frequency Support from Hybrid Wind Power Plants Using Supercapacitors

et al. 2021

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The concept of hybrid wind power plants (HWPPs) that consist of wind, solar and batteries has received a lot of attention, since HWPPs provide a number of advantages thanks to the complementary nature of wind and solar energy and the flexibility of batteries. Nevertheless, converter-based technologies, as interfaces of HWPPs to the utility grid, contribute to the reduction of total system inertia, making the system more volatile and creating additional threats to frequency stability. To address these operational challenges, the capability of supercapacitors (SCs) to provide fast frequency reserve (FFR) is explored in this paper to enhance the frequency response of the HWPP. Two topologies for integrating SCs into the HWPP are proposed: (1) connecting SC to the DC link of wind turbine (WT) via a DC-DC converter interface, (2) directly connecting SC to the DC link of WT without converter interface. Frequency controllers at the asset level are proposed for these two topologies accordingly. The idea of the proposed frequency controller is to provide frequency response by varying SC voltage in proportion to frequency deviation, namely droop-based FFR. A practical SC sizing method for FFR provision is also discussed. The simulation results have shown, that in the case of frequency event, the proposed frequency controllers for SCs in both topologies positively contribute to the frequency of the system by reducing the rate of change of frequency by at least 5% and improving frequency nadir by at least 10%, compared to the case where the SC has no contribution to FFR. However, the capacitor size requirement for directly connected SC is more demanding in order to achieve the same level of improvement. The performance of frequency support has been highly related to total system inertia and control parameters. Therefore, any change to the severity of frequency events or control parameters calls for the reevaluation of the capacitance.

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Optimization of Synthetic Inertial Response from Wind Power Plants

Cited by 12 publications

References 14 publications

Variable Renewable Energy and Market Design: New Products and a Real-World Study

Variable Renewable Energy and Market Design: New Products and a Real-World Study

New Synthetic Inertia Control for Wind Energy Conversion System

Fast Frequency Support from Hybrid Wind Power Plants Using Supercapacitors

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