Optimization of the enzymatic butanolysis of jatropha oil for biodiesel production using Eversa

Abstract

The use of non‐edible oils for energy production is attracting increasing attention, with a particular focus on those oils that can be produced from plants growing in non‐arable areas. Among the possible alternatives, oils with high free fatty acid content, such as jatropha, have shown great potential. The optimization of jatropha oil in the presence of a bio‐based alcohol (butanol) was investigated for the production of biodiesel using a commercial enzyme (Eversa from Novozymes). The optimization was conducted by changing the reaction temperature and the amount of catalyst, with a 6:1 butanol/oil molar ratio, while the reaction time was set to 60 min. The optimal result was found at the highest reaction temperature (42 °C) and the highest catalyst amount (9.79%), with a biodiesel yield of 83%. A second optimization was conducted, allowing the time to run for up to 8 h. Here the final biodiesel produced was in line with the EU14214 standards, fulfilling all the requirements with the exception of the requirement for oxidation stability. In addition to fulfilling most of the EU14214 standards, the cost of this new enzyme is lower than that of other commercial alternatives. Results show that biodiesel produced using butanol as alcohol in the transesterification process improved cold flow properties in terms of cloud point (CP), pour point (PP), and cold filter plugging point (CFPP). © 2021 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Optimization of the esterification reaction of free fatty acids present in waste salmon oil

“…Original Article: Esterification of free fatty acids 1298 on the use of different technological solutions, such as solid based catalysts, enzymes, supercritical technology, and ionic liquids. [12][13][14][15][16] All of them have shown substantial advantages over conventional technology and there has been particular interest in the conversion of low-quality feedstocks and the production of high quality biofuel. Despite these advantages, none of these technologies have been industrialized on a large scale.…”

“…However, the main limitation is the need for high‐quality feedstock 2,4 . For this reason, research has been focusing on the use of different technological solutions, such as solid based catalysts, enzymes, supercritical technology, and ionic liquids 12–16 . All of them have shown substantial advantages over conventional technology and there has been particular interest in the conversion of low‐quality feedstocks and the production of high quality biofuel.…”

Non‐catalytic esterification of palm fatty acid distillate with 2‐ethyl hexanol for high purity production of biolubricant ester

“…The major challenge for the economic commercialization of biolubricant synthesis is the high price of virgin oil feedstocks, which accounts for 90% of total production costs 17,18 . Researchers have recently started exploring the synthesis of esters from non‐edible and waste sources such as palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), waste cooking oil, jatropha oil, grease oil, and waste animal fats to minimize the cost of virgin oils 19–22 . PFAD feedstock, a by‐product of PO refining, has lately gained research attention for its potential use in biodiesel synthesis 23,24 .…”

“…17,18 Researchers have recently started exploring the synthesis of esters from non-edible and waste sources such as palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), waste cooking oil, jatropha oil, grease oil, and waste animal fats to minimize the cost of virgin oils. [19][20][21][22] PFAD feedstock, a by-product of PO refining, has lately gained research attention for its potential use in biodiesel synthesis. 23,24 The use of nonfood resources for the biodiesel industry has resolved the food versus fuel debate and the dilemma regarding the risk of diverting crops for biodiesel production to the detriment of the food supply.…”

Complex analysis of combustion and emission parameters of bio‐renewable fuel mixtures in dual‐fuel mode

“…The concept of the dual‐fuel system was developed in the 1950s, 5 when the main focus was on premixing fuels like natural gas, biogas, and methane 6,7 . Gaseous fuels were the only fuels that were used for this concept because there were experiments with liquid fuels such as gasoline and iso‐octane 8,9 . Liquid fuels were not used since there were experiments with them and results were already achvied.…”