Optimization of the IL-2 Luc assay for immunosuppressive drugs: a novel in vitro immunotoxicity test with high sensitivity and predictivity

New approach methodologies to enhance human health risk assessment of immunotoxic properties of chemicals — a PARC (Partnership for the Assessment of Risk from Chemicals) project

“…So far, the studies using these cell lines have shown them to be a promising tool for evaluation of immunosuppression. However, the existing studies have rather been focused on cytokine gene expression in each of these lines rather than the cytokine release in their coculture ( Kimura et al, 2014 ; Zhao et al, 2019 ; Kimura et al, 2021 ). A range of activators will be investigated to assess their effects on cytokine release from each cell type and the co-culture.…”

Translatability and transferability of in silico models: Context of use switching to predict the effects of environmental chemicals on the immune system

“…However, in recent decades considerable progress has been made, and several in vitro methods have been validated to assess inappropriate immunostimulation. While the main achevements in using in vitro models to assess immunotoxicity have focused on chemical sensitization, and in particular, on skin sensitization [8] , [9] , important progress has also been made in the identification of immunosuppressive compounds [10] , [11] , [12] . Considering the complexity of the immune system, it is likely that several in vitro assays will be needed to identify immunotoxicants, and a tiered approach is believed to be the most appropriate means to assess immunotoxicity in vitro [13] .…”