“…The resource utilization of waste cooking oil (WCO) can effectively alleviate the lack of petroleum resources, reduce environmental pollution, and protect people’s health. , Now, there are varying strategies available to achieve the reutilization of WCO that can provide products such as biofuels (biodiesel, − bioethanol, , and biogas − ), biolubricants, − biosurfactants, alkyd resins, washing products, , and so forth. Among these, the production of biodiesel from WCO has become the mainstream way for WCO utilization because it is more cost-effective than biodiesels made from other natural oil sources, such as palm, soybean, peanut, or olive oil, while its production requires lower energy consumption and emits minimum greenhouse gas. , However, traditional products based on WCO exhibit quite a low-profit margin (often <20%), necessitating a large-scale production line with a sustainable and massive resource supply, which is easily affected by the prices of the raw materials. ,, Thus, the traditional utilization strategy for WCO, such as biodiesel production, is only suitable for large-scale production and requires huge spending on capital, equipment, land, and the workforce in economically strong areas, while a simple, convenient, and low-cost method that could produce WCO-based materials with high technology and added value may be a better choice for WCO utilization in economically underdeveloped areas. , …”