Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Using Response Surface Methodology for Simultaneous Quantitation of Six Flavonoids in Flos Sophorae Immaturus and Antioxidant Activity

Abstract

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was applied to extract rutin (RU), nicotiflorin (NI), narcissoside (NA), kaempferol (KA), isorhamnetin (IS), quercetin (QU), and total flavonoids of Flos Sophorae Immaturus (TFFSI) from Flos Sophorae Immaturus (FSI). Through single factor test and response surface methodology (RSM), the optimal extraction conditions were concluded as follows: ethanol concentration 70%, time 30 min, temperature 61 °C, and liquid/solid ratio 15.30 mL/g, respectively. The actual extraction rates of RU, NI, NA, KA, IS, QU, and TFFSI were 14.6101%, 2.9310%, 7.1987%, 0.1041%, 0.4920%, 2.7998%, and 26.4260%, respectively. The experimental results demonstrated that the extraction method with accuracy and efficiency could be used for the comprehensive evaluation quality control of extracts from FSI. The antioxidant activities of hydroalcoholic extraction from FSI on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+), superoxide anion (•O2−) free radicals, and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) were assessed. The results showed that the antioxidation activities of extracts on DPPH, ABTS•+, and •O2− free radicals were reached 89.29%, 97.86%, and 56.61%, and 81.4% in FRAP at 1.0 mg/mL, respectively. The antioxidant capacity of FSI extract was positively correlated with the amount of total flavonoids.

β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex Containing Litsea cubeba Essential Oil: Preparation, Optimization, Physicochemical, and Antifungal Characterization

“…It is better than other response surface designs due to lower costs of carrying out experimentation and more valid experimental design [30,31]. Many researches have indicated that RSM is a helpful technique to optimize conditions for the encapsulation formulation [32][33][34], and the principal advantage of employing RSM is that it demands few experimental runs to establish the dependence between variable parameters and response values [35,36]. Thus, our work mainly aimed to assess the effects of β-CD/LCEO ratios, preparation temperature, and time on the yield of inclusion complex by applying RSM based on BBD.…”

Combined Ultrahigh Pressure Extraction and High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography for Separation and Purification of Three Glycoside Compounds from Dendrobium officinale Protocorm

“…The DPPH radical scavenging ability of the three compounds increased with the concentration, as shown in Figure 5 . The IC 50 value indicates the concentration of the corresponding compound when the scavenging rate reaches 50% [ 41 ]. The IC 50 values of compounds II and III were 0.0497 and 0.1111 mg/mL, respectively.…”

“…According to the method in [ 41 ], the antioxidant capacity of the three target compounds was evaluated with minor modifications. Compounds I–III were serially diluted at concentrations of 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.05, 0.08, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/mL in ethanol, which were used as sample solutions.…”

A roasting method with sugar supplement to make better use of discarded tobacco leaves

“…The roasting process was further optimized by three-levelthree-variable BBD (Table 1), using TFCs as the response values (Fan et al, 2020;Zoubi et al, 2021). Three factors were studied namely reaction time (min, A), reaction temperature (°C, B), and glucose supplement (100%, C).…”