Optimized Sensory Units Integrated in the Chiton Shell

Liu, Chuang; Liu, Haipeng; Huang, Jingliang; Ji, Xin

doi:10.1007/s10126-022-10114-2

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The protein coding genes of Acanthopleura granulata, A. loochooana (Liu et al 2022) and all other available transcriptomes were downloaded from NCBI SRA database. For transcriptome SRA datasets as well as the transcriptome sequencing of L. asellus , the raw reads were de novo assembled in Trinity v.2.13.2 or v.2.14.0 (Haas et al 2013), using the “--trimmomatic” setting, followed by one round of CD-HIT v.4.8.1 (Fu et al 2012) with the strictest threshold (-c 0.8) to remove redundant sequences.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Meanwhile, two independent phylogenomic studies based on transcriptome sequencing, generated data for species and genera that cover all Recent superfamilies: Callochiton, Tonicia schrammi, Chiton tuberculatus , Chiton marmoratus, Chaetopleura apiculata, Lepidozona mertensii, Mopalia muscosa, Katharina tunicata, Tonicella lineata, Nutallochiton sp., Cryptoplax japonica and Crytoplax larvaeformis (Varney et al 2021) and Lepidopleurus cajetanus (SRX5063921), Callochiton septemvalvis , Stenoplax bahamensis , Cryptoplax japonica and Choneplax lata (Moles et al 2021). There are also some other studies examining the gene expression profiles, which includes Leptochiton cascadiensis (Halanych et al 2014), Acanthopleura loochooana (Liu et al 2022), Rhyssoplax olivacea (Riesgo et al 2012), Cryptochiton stelleri (Nemoto et al 2019), Acanthochitona crinita (De Oliveira et al 2016), Acanthochitona rubrolineata (SRP179406) and Acanthochitona fascicularis (SRR13862580). These data collection can support a phylogenomic construction with larger taxon coverage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phylogenomic analyses shed light on the relationships of chiton superfamilies and shell-eye evolution

Sigwart

Sun

2022

Preprint

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Mollusca is the second-largest animal phylum with over 100,000 species among eight distinct taxonomic classes. Across 1000 living species in the class Polyplacophora, chitons have a relatively constrained morphology but with some notable deviations. Several genera possess "shell eyes", true eyes with a lens and retina that are embedded within the dorsal shells, which represent the most recent evolution of animal eyes. The phylogeny of major chiton clades is mostly well established, in a set of superfamily and higher-level taxa supported by various approaches including multiple gene markers, mitogenome-phylogeny and phylotranscritomic approaches as well as morphological studies. However, one critical lineage has remained unclear: Schizochiton was controversially suggested as a potential independent origin of chiton shell eyes. Here, with the draft genome sequencing of Schizochiton incisus (superfamily Schizochitonoidea) plus assembly of transcriptome data from other polyplacophorans, we present phylogenetic reconstructions using both mitochondrial genomes and phylogenomic approaches with multiple methods. Phylogenetic trees from mitogenomic data are inconsistent, reflecting larger scale confounding factors in molluscan mitogenomes. A consistent robust topology was generated with protein coding genes using different models and methods. Our results support Schizochitonoidea is a sister group to other Chitonoidea in Chitonina, in agreement with established classification. This suggests that the earliest origin of shell eyes is in Schizochitonoidea, which were also gained secondarily in other genera in Chitonoidea. Our results have generated a holistic review of the internal relationship within Polyplacophora, and a better understanding on the evolution of Polyplacophora.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenomic analyses shed light on the relationships of chiton superfamilies and shell-eye evolution

Sigwart

Sun

2022

Preprint

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“…This process was based on a previously established protocol for pearl oysters or chitons and was performed in the Biomedical Analysis Center of Tsinghua University. Proteins were stained with Coomassie Blue and the entire protein lane were excised in two pieces, which were destained by washing with 100 μL of a 50 mM NH 4 HCO 3 /acetonitrile (50/50) mixture for 30 min at 37 °C.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This process was based on a previously established protocol for pearl oysters 21 or chitons 22 The LC-MS/MS data were searched against the protein database using a Mascot 2.1 search engine with carbamidomethylated cysteine as a fixed modification and oxidized methionine and tryptophan as variable modifications. For the octopus radula and the chiton radula, the NCBI Mollusca database (which had an octopus genome 20 ) and a translated protein database from the chiton genome 19 were used as protein databases respectively to maximize the number and accuracy of protein identification in nonmodel species.…”

Section: Liquid Chromatography With Tandem Mass Spectrometry (Lc-ms/m...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineralize It or Not: Comparative Proteomics and Elemental Analysis Reveal Ancestral Compositions of Iron Mineralized Molluscan Radulae

et al. 2022

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The radula is a unique foraging organ to Mollusca, which is important for their evolution and taxonomic classification. Many radulae are mineralized with metals. Although the remarkable mechanical properties of mineralized radulae are well-studied, the formation of mineralization from nonmineralized radulae is poorly understood. Taking advantage of the recently sequenced octopus and chiton genomes, we were able to identify more species-specific radular proteins by proteomics. Comparing these proteomes with the known limpet radula proteome enabled us to gain insight into the molecular components of nonmineralized and mineralized radula, highlighting that iron mineralization in the chiton radula is possibly due to the evolution of ferritins and peroxiredoxins. Through an in vitro binding assay, ferritin is shown to be important to iron accumulation into the nonmineralized radula. Moreover, radular proteomes reflect their adaption to dietary habits to some extent. The octopus radula has many scaffold modification proteins to suit flexibility while the chiton radula has abundant sugar metabolism proteins (e.g., glycosyl hydrolases) to adapt to algae feeding. This study provides a foundation for the understanding of molluscan radula formation and evolution and may inspire the synthesis of iron nanomaterials.

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“…Chiton A. loochooana has eight overlapping shell plates (Liu et al, 2022a) (Figure 1A). They had radula composed of iron-based minerals similar to others.…”

Section: The Complex Movement Of Radulae In Chitonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiscale analysis of the unusually complex muscle fibers for the chiton radulae

Sun

Liu

et al. 2023

Front. Mar. Sci.

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Chiton teeth in the radula are one of the hardest biomaterials in nature. Chiton uses radula to scrape algae on hard surfaces. The ultrastructure and composition of teeth are well known while how they move is less clear. This study used an array of material characterizations including soft-tissue micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), histology, scanning electron microscopy, and proteomics to investigate the tissue that may control the movement of the radula of Acanthopleura loochooana. Surprisingly, unusually complex muscle fibers were found around the radula. 54 muscle fibers with diameters of around 130 µm were anchored to the second and third shell plates. These muscle fibers are in close contact with the radula and cartilage beneath the radula. Proteomics using a recently published chiton genome as a reference confirmed the proteins related to energy metabolism, calcium metabolism, as well as a cartilage oligomeric matrix protein in the muscle. qPCR found that the above proteins were highly expressed in the radula muscle compared to the foot. Taken together, this study provides insights into the complex tissue structures that control the movement of the radula, which may inspire robotics design relating to hard-soft tissue interfaces.

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Optimized Sensory Units Integrated in the Chiton Shell

Cited by 13 publications

References 45 publications

Phylogenomic analyses shed light on the relationships of chiton superfamilies and shell-eye evolution

Phylogenomic analyses shed light on the relationships of chiton superfamilies and shell-eye evolution

Mineralize It or Not: Comparative Proteomics and Elemental Analysis Reveal Ancestral Compositions of Iron Mineralized Molluscan Radulae

Multiscale analysis of the unusually complex muscle fibers for the chiton radulae

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