Optimizing Land Use Allocation of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) to Generate Maximum Ridership

Abstract

Transit-oriented development (TOD) is based around transit stations, with the emphasis on high population density and multifunctional areas in promoting sustainable mobility. This study aimed to develop a TOD model that could achieve an optimum land use allocation to maximize transit ridership. A critical literature review, an analysis of value engineering through function and benchmarking studies were conducted in order to develop a baseline plan for a TOD model, which was then optimized using linear programming. A total of four light rail transit (LRT) stations located in Jakarta were used as the case study to represent model implementation, ridership evaluation and optimal design. The optimization results showed that office workers constituted the highest number of transit passengers, followed by those working in hotels and commercial/retail and residential users. It was also found that optimizing the design of the TOD can increase the number of daily LRT passengers by up to 55%.

Classification of TOD Typologies Based on Pedestrian Behavior for Sustainable and Active Urban Growth in Seoul

“…TOD also generates more efficient business effects that positively influence the maintenance of existing urban areas [7]. The "livability" in urban life, according to high mobility and accessibility levels, generates more economic activities and benefits around station areas [5,8].…”

“…Urban livability considers the overall factors that create a better quality of life, including built and natural environments, economic prosperity, social stability, educational opportunity, culture, entertainment, and recreational possibilities in TOD areas [10]. A higher density of population and jobs in station areas also creates a better opportunity to improve subway ridership, increasing transit investment returns and managing the transit operation [7]. The location of transit stations supports land-use development to increase ridership through better pedestrian accessibility [11].…”

Effects of Land-Use Characteristics on Transport Mode Choices by Purpose of Travel in Seoul, South Korea, Based on Spatial Regression Analysis

“…Urban planning theories that emerged during the mid and late 20th century, such as compact city, new urbanism and smart growth, proposed guidelines to reduce the use of personal vehicles; such theories advocated for increased public transit use and walking in compact and mixed-use developments [7][8][9]. In this context, Jacobs opposed the vehicle-centric tenets of modernist urban planning and claimed that mixed land-use could promote walking, based on empirical evidence [10].…”

Reflecting on an Integrated Approach for Transport and Spatial Planning as a Pathway to Sustainable Urbanization

“…In megacities such as Hong Kong and Seoul, urban planning policies aim to achieve compact urban forms around transport nodes in order to trigger effective and sustainable land use as well as reduce environmental externalities [3]. A LUTI approach is considered key to realize Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) due to its potential contributions to reducing greenhouse gas (SDG13) and improving the wellbeing of urban populations (SDG11) [4]. In practice, policy debates and academic discussions in those rapidly growing cities tend to focus mainly on the economic effects of densification strategy (e.g., Transit Oriented Development) or how to achieve immediate benefits from such strategy [5,6].…”