Optimizing sowing date for peanut genotypes in arid and semi-arid subtropical regions

Abstract

Peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) is an important nut crop extensively grown in rainfed regions of Pakistan. The crop requires low inputs; thus, could grow successfully under diverse environmental conditions. Due to pegging ability, peanut grows aggressively in sandy and sandy-loam soils. However, it has not introduced to Thal region of southern Punjab, Pakistan. A two-year field experiment was conducted to optimize sowing dates for two peanut genotypes (‘BARI-2016’ and ‘NO-334’) in Thal region (Layyah). Similarly, a yield trial was conducted at Chakwal where both genotypes are extensively grown. Five sowing dates (10th April, 1st May, 20th May, 10th June and 30th June) were included in the study. The highest seed yield was obtained with early sown crop (10th April) during both years. Pod formation reduced with increasing atmospheric temperature and no pods were formed on the plants sown on 30th June. Decreased pod formation seemed a major reason for low yield in late-sown crop. The highest yield was observed for the crop sown on 10th April, which was decreased by 40% for the crop sown on 1st May. Genotype ‘BARI-2016’ performed better for seed yield at both locations compared with ‘NO-334’. The results suggested that genotype ‘BARI-2016’ is more adaptive to arid and semi-arid condition under rainfed or irrigated conditions. Sowing peanut at optimum time would increase seed yield in arid and semi-arid regions. Nonetheless, ‘BARI-2016’ can be grown under rainfed and irrigated conditions successfully.

Biochar and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mediated enhanced drought tolerance in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) plant growth, root morphological traits and physiological properties

“…Drought stress reduces plant height, shoot dry weight and root dry weight. Drought stress and salinity stress decreased the germination rate and plant growth in various crops ( Farooq et al, 2009 , Awari and Mate, 2015 , Hussain et al, 2016 , Egamberdieva and Jabborova, 2013 ; Egamberdieva et al, 2016 , Egamberdieva et al, 2017 , Jabborova et al, 2020c , Sheteiwy et al, 2021 , Ijaz et al, 2021 ). Similarly, Mueller et al (2019) reported that okra growth and the total dry weight of okra was reduced by drought stress.…”

Optimizing sowing date and plant density improve peanut yield by mitigating heat and chilling stress

“…The variations of sowing dates interact with climatic conditions, in particular, during critical stages, leading to affected peanut growth and yield (Caliskan et al., 2008; Ijaz et al., 2021; Sarkees., 2015). Matching crop phenology to the duration of favorable conditions by selecting the most appropriate sowing dates to avoid stress is crucial for maximizing yield (Caliskan et al., 2008; Zanon et al., 2016).…”

“…Matching peanut to phenology and climate conditions by selecting the most suitable sowing dates to avoid stress (i.e., temperature and rainfall extremes) is of great importance to maximize yield (Foyer et al., 2016; Lobell & Gourdji., 2012; Meena et al., 2015a; Tian et al., 2019). For example, the highest yield was obtained with an early sown crop (April 10), and yield decreased by 40% when sowing was delayed by 20 days in arid and semi‐arid regions (Ijaz et al., 2021). Late sowing leads to unfavorable day length, and increases vegetative growth by extending the photoperiod, as well as decreasing reproductive growth.…”

“…Late sowing leads to unfavorable day length, and increases vegetative growth by extending the photoperiod, as well as decreasing reproductive growth. Thus, lower assimilative supply for kernel growth results in lesser pod formation and ultimately lower yield (Ijaz et al., 2021). On the contrary, it has been reported that early sowing dates expose plants to harsh climatic conditions for relatively long periods, particularly for short‐duration varieties, leading to high temperatures and drought stress occurring during late development and maturation periods (Meena et al., 2015).…”

Boron Fertilization Alleviates the Adverse Effects of Late Sowing in Wheat under Different Tillage Systems

“…Sowing wheat crops in borondeficient soil leads to grains sterility in the wheat crop [18]. Similarly, the boron deficiency leads towards cell wall breakdown, slowed proton pump, ATPs development, lower photosynthetic productivity, and declined electron transport chain functioning [19,20]. Boron also affects several biological functions in plants, including the synthesis of cell walls, proteins, the metabolism of carbohydrates and nucleic acids and cell wall enlargements, and assimilates translocation [21].…”