Optimizing timing performance of silicon photomultiplier based scintillation detectors

Yeom, Jung-Yeol; Vinke, Ruud; Levin, Craig S.

doi:10.1109/nssmic.2012.6551711

Cited by 13 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Fast readout electronics and signal processing are often required to extract information from conventional (analog) SiPM signals [90]. In order to overcome such shortcomings of analog SiPMs, a fully digital SiPM (dSiPM) was developed [91].…”

Section: Photodetectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Monolithic scintillators may provide both high spatial and timing resolution but require triggering at a very low photon level to achieve good timing resolution [98], while discrete coupling of individual scintillators is limited in spatial resolution by their size [90,95,99]. The pro and cons of each configuration are discussed in [90]. Different types of detector configuration are shown in Fig.…”

Section: Photodetectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Preamplifiers serve three main purposes: (1) to amplify the signal if required, (2) to match the impedance level between the detector and subsequent components and (3) to shape the signal for optimal processing [103]. Most preamplifiers for radiation detectors are fabricated in the form of charge-or current-sensitive configuration [90,[104][105][106]. In terms of noise, the former design is superior, but in ToF-PET where high-gain [92] photosensors are used, a relatively large feedback capacitor is required, which decreases the response time and is difficult to implement with ASIC technology.…”

Section: Signal Readout Of Tof-pet Detectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Instrumentation for Time-of-Flight Positron Emission Tomography

Ullah

Pratiwi

Cheon

et al. 2016

Nucl Med Mol Imaging

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Positron emission tomography (PET) is a molecular imaging modality that provides information at the molecular level. This system is composed of radiation detectors to detect incoming coincident annihilation gamma photons emitted from the radiopharmaceutical injected into a patient's body and uses these data to reconstruct images. A major trend in PET instrumentation is the development of time-of-flight positron emission tomography (ToF-PET). In ToF-PET, the time information (the instant the radiation is detected) is incorporated for image reconstruction. Therefore, precise and accurate timing recording is crucial in ToF-PET. ToF-PET leads to better localization of the annihilation event and thus results in overall improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the reconstructed image. Several factors affect the timing performance of ToF-PET. In this article, the background, early research and recent advances in ToF-PET instrumentation are presented. Emphasis is placed on the various types of scintillators, photodetectors and electronic circuitry for use in ToF-PET, and their impact on timing resolution is discussed.

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Section: Photodetectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Photodetectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Signal Readout Of Tof-pet Detectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Instrumentation for Time-of-Flight Positron Emission Tomography

Ullah

Pratiwi

Cheon

et al. 2016

Nucl Med Mol Imaging

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“…Typically, PMTs have faster signal rise time and lower dark count rates than SiPMs, but SiPMs have a high gain and quantum efficiency (QE), and are also very compact and rugged, insensitive to magnetic fields, and can be cost efficient when fabricated on a large scale [6]. For SiPM based detectors, they usually present longer tails due to the large output capacitance (C) associated with its relatively large pixel size and the input resistance (R) of the subsequent amplifier [7].…”

Section: A Helium-4 Gas Fast Neutron Scintillation Detectormentioning

confidence: 99%

Timing Characterization of Helium-4 Fast Neutron Detector with EJ-309 Organic Liquid Scintillator

2018

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Abstract-Recently, the Helium-4 gas fast neutron scintillation detectors is being used in time-sensitive measurements, such timeof-flight and multiplicity counting. In this paper, a set of time aligned signals was acquired in a coincidence measurement using the Helium-4 gas detectors and EJ-309 liquid scintillators. The high-speed digitizer system is implanted with a trigger moving average window (MAW) unit combing with its constant fraction discriminator (CFD) feature. It can calculate a "time offset" to the timestamp value to get a higher resolution timestamp (up to 50 ps), which is better than the digitizer's time resolution (4 ns) [1]. The digitized waveforms were saved to the computer hard drive and post processed with digital analysis code to determine the difference of their arrival times. The full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the Gaussian fit was used as to examine the resolution. For the cascade decay of Cobalt-60 (1.17 and 1.33 MeV), the first version of the Helium-4 detector with two Hamamatsu R580 photomultipliers (PMT) installed at either end of the cylindrical gas chamber (20 cm in length and 4.4 cm in diameter) has a time resolution which is about 3.139 ns FWHM. With improved knowledge of the timing performance, the Helium-4 scintillation detectors are excellent for neutron energy spectrometry applications requiring high temporal and energy resolutions.

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“…15 A similar detector setup (3 × 3 × 5 mm 3 LYSO with Hamamatsu SiPMs) using a standard electronic readout yielded a coincidence timing resolution of 147 ± 3 ps FWHM. 16 In this case, scintillation pulses from the detectors were also digitized directly using the scope, and coincidence timing was determined using a low threshold on the signal leading edge. This result is comparable to the timing resolution of 160 ± 5 ps FWHM obtained with the new optically encoded and multiplexed prototype.…”

Section: A Time Resolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical delay encoding for fast timing and detector signal multiplexing in PET

Grant

Levin

2015

Medical Physics

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Purpose: The large number of detector channels in modern positron emission tomography (PET) scanners poses a challenge in terms of readout electronics complexity. Multiplexing schemes are typically implemented to reduce the number of physical readout channels, but often result in performance degradation. Novel methods of multiplexing in PET must be developed to avoid this data degradation. The preservation of fast timing information is especially important for time-of-flight PET. Methods: A new multiplexing scheme based on encoding detector interaction events with a series of extremely fast overlapping optical pulses with precise delays is demonstrated in this work. Encoding events in this way potentially allows many detector channels to be simultaneously encoded onto a single optical fiber that is then read out by a single digitizer. A two channel silicon photomultiplier-based prototype utilizing this optical delay encoding technique along with dual threshold time-over-threshold is demonstrated. Results: The optical encoding and multiplexing prototype achieves a coincidence time resolution of 160 ps full width at half maximum (FWHM) and an energy resolution of 13.1% FWHM at 511 keV with 3 × 3 × 5 mm 3 LYSO crystals. All interaction information for both detectors, including timing, energy, and channel identification, is encoded onto a single optical fiber with little degradation. Conclusions: Optical delay encoding and multiplexing technology could lead to time-of-flight PET scanners with fewer readout channels and simplified data acquisition systems. C 2015 American Association of Physicists in Medicine. [http://dx

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Optimizing timing performance of silicon photomultiplier based scintillation detectors

Cited by 13 publications

References 31 publications

Instrumentation for Time-of-Flight Positron Emission Tomography

Instrumentation for Time-of-Flight Positron Emission Tomography

Timing Characterization of Helium-4 Fast Neutron Detector with EJ-309 Organic Liquid Scintillator

Optical delay encoding for fast timing and detector signal multiplexing in PET

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