Oral and inactivated poliovirus vaccines in the newborn: A review

Mateen, Farrah J.; Shinohara, Russell T.; Sutter, Roland W.

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.020

Cited by 21 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Data on seroconversion following this individual dose of trivalent OPV (tOPV) vary greatly, from 10 to 15% in India to 76% in South Africa, however, the positive impact on levels of neutralizing Abs and seroconversion rates on completion of the routine immunization schedule are undisputed ( 33 ). A systematic review of 5,257 infants given tOPV at birth, found that the percentage of newborns who seroconverted at 8 weeks ranged between 6 and 42% for poliovirus type 1, 2 and 63% for type 2, and 1 and 35% for type 3 ( 34 ). In addition, there were four studies of IPV in newborns with a seroconversion rate of 8–100% for serotype 1, 15–100% for serotype 2, and 15–94% for serotype 3, measured at 4–6 weeks of life.…”

Section: Proof Of Concept: Routine Neonatal Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neonatal Immunization: Rationale, Current State, and Future Prospects

2018

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Infections take their greatest toll in early life necessitating robust approaches to protect the very young. Here, we review the rationale, current state, and future research directions for one such approach: neonatal immunization. Challenges to neonatal immunization include natural concern about safety as well as a distinct neonatal immune system that is generally polarized against Th1 responses to many stimuli such that some vaccines that are effective in adults are not in newborns. Nevertheless, neonatal immunization could result in high-population penetration as birth is a reliable point of healthcare contact, and offers an opportunity for early protection of the young, including preterm newborns who are deficient in maternal antibodies. Despite distinct immunity and reduced responses to some vaccines, several vaccines have proven safe and effective at birth. While some vaccines such as polysaccharide vaccines have little effectiveness at birth, hepatitis B vaccine can prime at birth and requires multiple doses to achieve protection, whereas the live-attenuated Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG), may offer single shot protection, potentially in part via heterologous (“non-specific”) beneficial effects. Additional vaccines have been studied at birth including those directed against pertussis, pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenza type B and rotavirus providing important lessons. Current areas of research in neonatal vaccinology include characterization of early life immune ontogeny, heterogeneity in and heterologous effects of BCG vaccine formulations, applying systems biology and systems serology, in vitro platforms that model age-specific human immunity and discovery and development of novel age-specific adjuvantation systems. These approaches may inform, de-risk, and accelerate development of novel vaccines for use in early life. Key stakeholders, including the general public, should be engaged in assessing the opportunities and challenges inherent to neonatal immunization.

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Section: Proof Of Concept: Routine Neonatal Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neonatal Immunization: Rationale, Current State, and Future Prospects

2018

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“…Trivalent polio oral vaccine having the three known viral serotypes (attenuated) is in use in Pakistan [ 2 ]. OPV is the most opted option for SIAs (Supplementary Immunization Activities) and RIAs (Routine Immunization Activities) [ 18 ]. Pakistan is still aiming to switch over from trivalent OPV to bivalent OPV as per recommendations of Endgame Strategic Plan 2013–2018 by WHO [ 19 ].…”

Section: Immunization: Key To Polio Eradicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eradication and Current Status of Poliomyelitis in Pakistan: Ground Realities

Ghafoor

Sheikh

2016

Journal of Immunology Research

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Pakistan is among the last three countries along with Afghanistan and Nigeria, where polio virus is still endemic. More or less, with some fluctuations, numbers of reported cases in the past few years have shown a rising trend. Year 2014 pushed the country into the deep sea of difficulties, as number of cases rose to red alert level of 328. Security situation has adversely affected the whole immunization coverage campaign. In a country where 40 polio vaccinators have been killed since 2012, such a big number of cases is not a surprising outcome. Worse perception of parents about polio vaccine as in Karachi and FATA, the high risk zones, makes 100% coverage a dream. Minor and perhaps delayed payments to polio workers make them frustrated, resulting in decline of trained manpower for vaccination. Strong implementation of policies is required and those found guilty of attack on polio workers need to be punished. Targeted community awareness programme, strong surveillance network, and involvement of influential religious entities can help to root out polio disease from country. Present review is aimed at analyzing all barriers on the road to success in eradication of polio from Pakistan.

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“…IPV protects the vaccine recipient from paralysis, but compared to OPV it provides less protection against re-infection. Furthermore IPV does not reduce fecal excretion following re-infection as much as OPV because it provides weaker intestinal immunity [4] – [8] . There are however studies that demonstrated that IPV can induce some intestinal immunity [5] – [7] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inducing Dose Sparing with Inactivated Polio Virus Formulated in Adjuvant CAF01

et al. 2014

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The development of new low cost inactivated polio virus based vaccines (IPV) is a high priority, and will be required to eradicate polio. In addition, such a vaccine constitutes the only realistic polio vaccine in the post-eradication era. One way to reduce the cost of a vaccine is to increase immunogenicity by use of adjuvants. The CAF01 adjuvant has previously been shown to be a safe and potent adjuvant with several antigens, and here we show that in mice IPV formulated with CAF01 induced increased systemic protective immunity measured by binding and neutralization antibody titers in serum. CAF01 also influenced the kinetics of both the cellular and humoral response against IPV to produce a faster, as well as a stronger, response, dominated by IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG2c isotypes as well as IPV specific T cells secreting IFN-γ/IL-2. Finally, as intestinal immunity is also a priority of polio vaccines, we present a vaccine strategy based on simultaneous priming at an intradermal and an intramuscular site that generate intestinal immune responses against polio virus. Taken together, the IPV-CAF01 formulation constitutes a new promising vaccine against polio with the ability to generate strong humoral and cellular immunity against the polio virus.

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Oral and inactivated poliovirus vaccines in the newborn: A review

Cited by 21 publications

References 28 publications

Neonatal Immunization: Rationale, Current State, and Future Prospects

Neonatal Immunization: Rationale, Current State, and Future Prospects

Eradication and Current Status of Poliomyelitis in Pakistan: Ground Realities

Inducing Dose Sparing with Inactivated Polio Virus Formulated in Adjuvant CAF01

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