Oral mucosal manifestations in primary and secondary Sjögren syndrome and dry mouth syndrome

Abstract

Introduction One of the most important symptoms of Sjögren syndrome is xerostomia. The oral cavity deprived of saliva and its natural lubricative, protective and antibacterial properties is prone to a number of unfavourable consequences. Aim To present the most important lesions on the oral mucosa in primary and secondary Sjögren syndrome and in dry mouth syndrome. Material and methods The study group comprised 55 patients including 52 women and 3 men aged 20–72 years (average: 28.25 years). Results Basing on the accepted criteria, primary Sjögren syndrome was diagnosed in 22 (40%) patients, secondary Sjögren syndrome in 18 (32.7%) patients, and dry mouth syndrome in 15 (27.27%) patients. The physical examination and the examination of the mouth were performed and history was elicited from every patient. Conclusions The most common pathologies appearing on the oral mucosa in primary and secondary Sjögren syndrome are angular cheilitis, cheilitis, increased lip dryness as well as non-specific ulcerations, aphthae and aphthoid conditions.

The Potential Role for Early Biomarker Testing as Part of a Modern, Multidisciplinary Approach to Sjögren’s Syndrome Diagnosis

“…Dry mouth, the other hallmark symptom of SS, is associated with an inability to swallow dry food without liquid, dried and fissured tongue, cheilitis, aphthae, chronic oral candidiasis, and dental caries [4,13]. Involvement of other exocrine glands may produce complaints of dry skin and hair, vaginal dryness, and gastrointestinal symptoms due to impaired secretion of protective mucus [4].…”

Laryngological manifestations of Sjögren’s syndrome

“…Dry mouth makes talking, tasting and chewing properly difficult, impairing the quality of life of such patients. The most common oral signs and symptoms are hyposialia with or without xerostomia, dental caries, tooth decay, fungal infections, traumatic oral lesions, dysphagia, dysgeusia, and inflammation of the salivary glands [6,[18][19][20][21].…”

“…The clinical features involve a wide variety of organs, including skin, eyes, oral cavity and salivary glands, and systems, including nervous, musculoskeletal, genitourinary and vascular, and each of these symptoms may be at times correctly attributed to SS or incorrectly attributed to another disease. Other organs may be involved in more than 30% of cases and, occasionally, extra-glandular manifestations can occur early during the course of the disease [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9].…”

Specific Sialochemical and Sialometric Changes and Cariogenic Risk in Patients with Primary Sjogren`s Syndrome

“…Oral health issues are generally identified in pSSj [1][2][3][4]; xerostomia, increased susceptibility to develop caries and oral (bacterial and fungal) infections, as well as early dental loss due to caries [4][5][6] despite good oral hygiene [7] are documented among such patients, requiring a complex diagnostic and management focused on different strategies such as salivary flow stimulation, chemical control of dental plaque, restorative treatment, dental implants [3,[8][9][10][11][12][13]; however, periodontal disease and periodontal care are still controversial in patients with pSSj [14,15].…”