Oral Rabies Immunization of Wildlife and Dogs: Challenges to the Americas

Jb, Campbell

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-78490-3_14

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…ERA virus propagated on BHK-21 cells (Connaught Laboratories Ltd., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1989Langford Laboratories Ltd., Toronto, Canada, 1991;Cyanamid-Langford Ltd., Toronto, Canada, 1992-1994Ayerst Ltd., Toronto, Canada, 1995-1997Artemis Technologies Inc., Guelph, Ontario, Canada, 1998-2004 in titers ranging from 10 7.00 to 10 7.88 (median tissue culture infective doses [TCID 50 ]/ml) was used for oral immunization of wildlife. Virus-infected media (1.8 ml) were packaged within two bait matrices that differed in size: Ontario regular white bait (ORW; 35 mm 3 35 mm 3 16 mm) or Ontario slim green bait (OSG; 35 mm 3 35 mm 3 11 mm).…”

Section: Vaccine and Baitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The N gene sequencing reactions were performed manually using either 32 P or 33 P 59-terminal labeled oligonucleotides, Nseq1 and Nseq2, together with a fmol cycle sequencing system (Promega,) as described by Nadin-Davis et al (1993, 1994. Reactions were electrophoresed through denaturing 6% acrylamide gels on a SA sequencing system, the gel was dried, and sequencing products were visualized by autoradiography.…”

Section: Molecular Genome Analyses Of Virus Isolatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, all SAD variants used in Europe for oral vaccination of wildlife are derivatives of ERA-BHK21. Although live attenuated vaccines with reduced residual pathogenicity (Tidke et al, 1987;Lafay et al, 1994) and recombinant rabies vaccines (Kieny et al, 1984) were developed, ERA and SAD are still used in Ontario and in several European countries, and different oral vaccination systems (vaccine, bait, bait distribution) have been described (Aubert et al, 1994;Campbell, 1994;Wandeler, 1991Wandeler, , 2000. Baits that include a container with liquid vaccine are distributed at densities of no less than ten per square kilometer once or twice a year.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Era Vaccine-Derived Cases of Rabies in Wildlife and Domestic Animals in Ontario, Canada, 1989–2004

Fehlner-Gardiner

Nadin-Davis

Armstrong

et al. 2008

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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A vaccination program for the control of terrestrial rabies in the province of Ontario, Canada, began in 1989. During the period between 1989 and 2004, over 13 million baits containing the live, attenuated rabies virus ERA-BHK21 were distributed across the province, with the aim of immunizing foxes by the oral route. Animals recovered from bait distribution areas were assayed by fluorescent antibody test for rabies virus infection. Immunoreactivity with a panel of monoclonal antibodies that discriminate between ERA and rabies virus variants known to circulate in Ontario, and molecular genetic analyses were used to identify animals infected with ERA. Nine cases of ERA variant rabies were identified over the 16-yr period of study; these did not appear to be stratified by species, year of discovery, or location of capture. The ERA-positive animals were found across the province in eight counties, all of which had been baited in the year of case discovery. The nine ERA-positive cases included four red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), two raccoons (Procyon lotor), two striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), and one bovine calf (Bos taurus). Molecular phylogenetic analyses of the partial N gene sequences generated from these isolates indicated that these nine cases were due to infection with the ERA variant. The glycoprotein sequences were predicted from G gene sequencing of all nine field isolates and two laboratory stock ERA viruses. This revealed some heterogeneity at residue 120 (either arginine or histidine) in both field and laboratory stocks as well as a few other mutations in field isolates. The significance of this heterogeneity remains unclear. Our data demonstrate that the ERA vaccine distributed in Ontario carried residual pathogenicity; however, there does not appear to be any evidence of ERA establishment in wildlife populations over the 16-yr period. These results are consistent with previous reports of the rare detection of ERA vaccine-induced rabies and with laboratory studies of ERA pathogenicity.

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Section: Vaccine and Baitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Molecular Genome Analyses Of Virus Isolatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Era Vaccine-Derived Cases of Rabies in Wildlife and Domestic Animals in Ontario, Canada, 1989–2004

Fehlner-Gardiner

Nadin-Davis

Armstrong

et al. 2008

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…The 1978 European costs for ORV with red fox rabies was placed at over US$80 million for baits alone (Stö hr and Meslin, 1996). Canadian ORV efforts for red fox rabies involved bait prices of US$0.71, with fixed-winged aircraft distribution set at $US15-$US20/km 2 for a mean distribution of 20 baits/km 2 (Campbell, 1994). Although ''eradication'' of the disease was sought, recent evidence documenting a few lingering rabid fox cases in certain European countries and Ontario indicate ''essentially-rabies-free'' may be a more attainable goal (Meltzer and Rupprecht, 1998b).…”

Section: 5mentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling wildlife rabies: Transmission, economics, and conservation

Sterner

Smith²

2006

Biological Conservation

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Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease of mammals; it exacerbates the uncertainty of conserving populations of some threatened mammals (TM). Modelling affords an inexpensive, a priori way of studying key parameters of wildlife rabies transmission, rabies management economics, and TM conservation. Numerous models of rabies transmission have been published. Linear density dependent models predicted that a threshold density (K T 6 1.0), possibly attained by culling or contraception, would eliminate an epizootic through reduced contacts among host animals. Density independent models predicted less advantage of culling and contraception in rabies control due to limited contacts among territorial host animals. Recent stochastic, mixed models offer novel predictions about the role of culling, fertility control, and oral rabies vaccination (ORV) in disease management. Use of a ''threshold successful contact'' rate (C T ) as a parameter in these models predicts that density reduction of host animals will enhance ORV campaigns in non-TM contexts via more efficient bait delivery and vaccination. Economic analyses of medical, public health, and veterinary costs have shown post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and increased pet vaccinations (PV) to be major rabies-caused expenses during and after epizootics in North America.No modelling efforts have examined either the benefits-costs of rabies management strategies to conserve TM or the use of ORV, per se, to conserve TM -an omission due in part to the lack of methodologies for properly valuing TM (potential savings) and the expense or lower priority of using ORV for TM protection. This paper: (1) describes key aspects of rabies-transmission models in wildlife, (2) posits the use of C T to predict disease persistence, (3) reviews selected ORV strategies, economic studies, and benefit-cost models associated with the use of ORV as a means of rabies control in non-TM situations, (4) discusses implications of these models to the conservation of TM, and (5) recommends five steps to improve modelling of rabies transmission (wildlife disease in general), rabies-control economics, and TM conservation.

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“…The failure of parenteral vaccination to adequately protect free-ranging wild dogs against rabies (Kat et al, 1995;Scheepers and Venzke, 1995;Hofmeyr et al, 2000) and the logistic difficulties, costs, and potential for injury to the dogs associated with this method, have prompted research into developing an effective oral vaccination technique. Oral vaccination has been successfully used to control rabies in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Europe (Aubert et al, 1994) and North America (Campbell et al, 1994) and is presently used in the field for coyotes (Canis latrans; Farry et al, 1998), gray foxes (Urocyon cineroargenteus; Steelman et al, 1998) and raccoons (Procyon lotor; Roscoe et al, 1998). Oral vaccination has also been considered for jackals (Canis adustus and C. mesomelas) in southern Africa (Bingham et al, 1999) and domestic dogs (Fekadu et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Bait and Baiting System for Delivery of Oral Rabies Vaccine to Free-Ranging African Wild Dogs (Lycaon Pictus)

Knobel

Toit

Bingham

2002

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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The objective of the study was to develop a bait and baiting system capable of delivering one effective dose of oral rabies vaccine to each member of a free-ranging African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) pack. Trials were conducted between June and October 2000. The results of cafeteria-style bait preference trials testing seven candidate baits in captive wild dogs revealed a significant preference for chicken heads (June trials: P = 0.023, September trials: P = 0.021). Trials using a topical biomarker (rhodamine B) showed that chicken head baits were sufficiently chewed on most occasions to rupture the vaccine container. Free-ranging wild dogs and young pups ingested chicken head baits. Significant dominance of bait intake by a single individual was seen in four of six study packs and in the three packs in which an alpha pair could be distinguished, the dominant feeder was an alpha animal. Pattern of bait distribution and degree of satiation had no effect on pack coverage (proportion of pack ingesting at least one bait). Pack coverage was significantly related to trial number (r = 0.71, P < 0.001), with pack coverage increasing with increased exposure of the pack to the baits. During 46 hr of diurnal observations of free-ranging wild dogs only two baits were lost to non-target species. A baiting system for the oral vaccination of captive and free-ranging wild dogs is proposed.

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Oral Rabies Immunization of Wildlife and Dogs: Challenges to the Americas

Cited by 8 publications

References 60 publications

Era Vaccine-Derived Cases of Rabies in Wildlife and Domestic Animals in Ontario, Canada, 1989–2004

Era Vaccine-Derived Cases of Rabies in Wildlife and Domestic Animals in Ontario, Canada, 1989–2004

Modelling wildlife rabies: Transmission, economics, and conservation

Development of a Bait and Baiting System for Delivery of Oral Rabies Vaccine to Free-Ranging African Wild Dogs (Lycaon Pictus)

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