Orbital apex syndrome: A review

Abstract

An orbital apex syndrome (OAS) has been described previously as a syndrome involving damage to the ocular motor and sensory nerves in association with optic nerve dysfunction. Patients usually present with signs and symptoms derived from the involvement of structures within the orbital apex, the superior orbital fissure, and the cavernous sinus. Visual loss from optic neuropathy and ophthalmoplegia involving multiple cranial nerves are the hallmarks of orbital apex syndrome. Historically, superior orbital fissure, orbital apex, and cavernous sinus are being used to define the anatomical locations of a disease process. However, the diagnostic evaluation and management are similar for each of these entities. The authors reviewed the literature on evaluating disorders involving the orbital apex and it’s diagnosis.

Ophthalmoplegia syndrome or tolosa hunt syndrome – A review

“…Or Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is an idiopathic inflammatory condition that involves the cavernous sinus and orbital apex and is essentially a clinical diagnosis of exclusion. 1 This is also was included in list of painful cranial neuropathies by the International Headache Society (IHS).…”