An orbital apex syndrome (OAS) has been described previously as a syndrome involving damage to the ocular motor and sensory nerves in association with optic nerve dysfunction. Patients usually present with signs and symptoms derived from the involvement of structures within the orbital apex, the superior orbital fissure, and the cavernous sinus. Visual loss from optic neuropathy and ophthalmoplegia involving multiple cranial nerves are the hallmarks of orbital apex syndrome. Historically, superior orbital fissure, orbital apex, and cavernous sinus are being used to define the anatomical locations of a disease process. However, the diagnostic evaluation and management are similar for each of these entities. The authors reviewed the literature on evaluating disorders involving the orbital apex and it’s diagnosis.

Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is a diverse range of neoplasm arising from squamous epithelium of conjunctiva, limbus and cornea. OSSN is considered as a low grade malignancy but may be locally invasive and require exenteration. It has relatively high recurrence rate. It has multifactorial etiology and specific pathogenesis of lesion has yet to be attributed. Histopathology with immunohistochemistry is a gold standard diagnostic tool.This mini review highlights the pathogenesis, risk factors, various clinical manifestations, latest diagnostic tools and recent development in treatment of OSSN.