Organic and inorganic pollutants from cement kiln stack feeding alternative fuels

Conesa, Juan A.; Gálvez, Araceli; Mateos, F.López; Martı́n-Gullón, Ignacio; Font, R.

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.01.116

Cited by 128 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The observed in 2008-2012 signi cant decrease in the mean dust emission factor, results mainly from the replacement of electrostatic precipitator with a fabric lter and the optimization of its operation. In the case of SO 2, the observed uctuations in emission factors in di erent years do not depend on the share of alternative fuels in the cement kiln heat balance either, which con rms the conclusions from the other studies [11,17,18]. However, the increase in the average emission factor of HCl (observed in 2011-2012) results more from the likely increase in the amount of chlorine in the incinerated alternative fuels (and possibly also in other fuels and raw materials) rather than from the increase in consumption of these fuels, even compared to 2008.…”

Section: Study Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…The assessment of the impact of alternative fuels in dry-process cement kilns on the emission level of basic air pollutants, with the heat yield from alternative fuels reaching 20%, has been presented in the works [16][17][18][19]. Research on emissions of heavy metals as well as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans for the greater parameter variability of the kiln and the types of co-incinerated fuels and wastes, were in turn carried out by S. Zemba et al [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Co-incineration of large quantities of alternative fuels in a cement kiln - the problem of air pollutant emissions.

Oleniacz¹,

Kasietczuk²

2012

geom

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Section: Study Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-incineration of large quantities of alternative fuels in a cement kiln - the problem of air pollutant emissions.

Oleniacz¹,

Kasietczuk²

2012

geom

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“…Tests in the cement kiln were performed for more than one year, because of the difficulty of the work done. A similar study was done using sewage sludge and tires in the same cement kiln [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The methods used were previously reported [5]. Almost all of these methods require an isokinetic regime for gas sampling.…”

Section: Cement Kiln Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollutant Formation and Emissions from Cement Kiln Stack Using a Solid Recovered Fuel from Municipal Solid Waste

Conesa

Rey

Egea

et al. 2011

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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106

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The thermal decomposition of a Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) has been studied by two techniques. First, laboratory-scale experiments were performed in a horizontal furnace in which different atmospheres are studied to analyze the dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) evolved from the decomposition of the material. Sulfur presence is revealed to be important in PCDD/Fs formation. In the second technique, the emission of various pollutants (PAHs, PCDD/Fs, metals, acid gases …) were determined in a cement kiln fed on different proportions of SRF material, and where a maximum feed rate of 15000 kg SRF/h was achieved. In the laboratory furnace the dioxin toxicity revealed a maximum when the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere increased until approximately stoichiometric conditions. In the cement kiln, all emitted pollutants are under the legal limits. No correlation between SRF input and metal emission was observed.

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“…Harmful pollutants emitted into the atmosphere can be transferred directly to humans through air inhalation as well as indirectly through pathways such as drinking water, skin absorption, and contaminated food (Conesa et al 2008;Schuhmacher et al 2004). The dominate types of emissions formed during the manufacture of cement are particulate matter (PM), produced from the acquisition and preparation of raw materials, and gaseous pollutants, produced during the pyroprocess.…”

Section: Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternative Fuel for Portland Cement Processing

Schindler¹,

Duke²,

Burch³

et al. 2012

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The production of cement involves a combination of numerous raw materials, strictly monitored system processes, and temperatures on the order of 1500 °C. Immense quantities of fuel are required for the production of cement. Traditionally, energy from fossil fuels was solely relied upon for the production of cement. The overarching project objective is to evaluate the use of alternative fuels to lessen the dependence on non-renewable resources to produce portland cement. The key objective of using alternative fuels is to continue to produce high-quality cement while decreasing the use of non-renewable fuels and minimizing the impact on the environment.Burn characteristics and thermodynamic parameters were evaluated with a laboratory burn simulator under conditions that mimic those in the preheater where the fuels are brought into a cement plant. A drop-tube furnace and visualization method were developed that show potential for evaluating time-and space-resolved temperature distributions for fuel solid particles and liquid droplets undergoing combustion in various combustion atmospheres. Downdraft gasification has been explored as a means to extract chemical energy from poultry litter while limiting the throughput of potentially deleterious components with regards to use in firing a cement kiln. Results have shown that the clinkering is temperature independent, at least within the controllable temperature range. Limestone also had only a slight effect on the fusion when used to coat the pellets. However, limestone addition did display some promise in regards to chlorine capture, as ash analyses showed chlorine concentrations of more than four times greater in the limestone infused ash as compared to raw poultry litter.A reliable and convenient sampling procedure was developed to estimate the combustion quality of broiler litter that is the best compromise between convenience and reliability by means of statistical analysis.Multi-day trial burns were conducted at a full-scale cement plant with alternative fuels to examine their compatibility with the cement production process. Construction and demolition waste, woodchips, and soybean seeds were used as alternative fuels at a full-scale cement production facility. These fuels were co-fired with coal and waste plastics. The alternative fuels used in this trial accounted for 5 to 16 % of the total energy consumed during these burns. The overall performance of the portland cement produced during the various trial burns performed for practical purposes very similar to the cement produced during the control burn. The cement plant was successful in implementing alternative fuels to produce a consistent, high-quality product that increased cement performance while reducing the environmental footprint of the plant. The utilization of construction and demolition waste, woodchips and soybean seeds proved to be viable replacements for traditional fuels. The future use of these fuels depends on local availability, associated costs, and compatibility with a facility's p...

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Organic and inorganic pollutants from cement kiln stack feeding alternative fuels

Cited by 128 publications

References 8 publications

Co-incineration of large quantities of alternative fuels in a cement kiln - the problem of air pollutant emissions.

Co-incineration of large quantities of alternative fuels in a cement kiln - the problem of air pollutant emissions.

Pollutant Formation and Emissions from Cement Kiln Stack Using a Solid Recovered Fuel from Municipal Solid Waste

Alternative Fuel for Portland Cement Processing

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