Organic carbon provenance and maturity in the mud breccia from the Napoli mud volcano: Indicators of origin and burial depth

Schulz, Hans-Martin; Emeis, Kay–Christian; Volkmann, N.

doi:10.1016/s0012-821x(97)00013-7

Cited by 32 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Evidence from thermal maturity data on the mud breccia matrix samples from the Napoli dome suggest a mobilization depth between 4900 and 7500 mbsf (Schulz et al 1997), which coincides with the d6collement depth of 5300-7000mbsf predicted by Camerlenghi et al (1995) in a geometric approach. The results of Schulz et al (1997) have to be re-evaluated after having measured thermal maturity of both clasts and matrix from Milano dome mud breccias. Here, evidence is provided for the immaturity of the mud, leading to an estimated depth of c. 2000 mbsf (Schulz & Kopf, unpublished data).…”

Section: Source and Source Depth Of Mud And Their Implicationssupporting

confidence: 67%

“…The brackish fauna found in the matrix which may have been deposited in a palaeoenvironment similar to those deduced for the period during the Messinian drawdown in the Mediterranean (Rouchy & Saint Martin 1992), are consistent with this model. Vitrinite reflectance data on the matrix are compatible with a model where the mud is assumed to have been subducted during Messinian time and then migrated along the d6collement for some 4 Ma (on the basis of a convergence rate of 25 mm/a between Africa and Eurasia; Kastens 1991) before it migrated upward (Schulz et al 1997).…”

Section: Source and Source Depth Of Mud And Their Implicationssupporting

confidence: 61%

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Extrusion dynamics of mud volcanoes on the Mediterranean Ridge accretionary complex

Kopf

Behrmann

2000

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Drilling of two submarine mud domes situated in the Olimpi field on the northern flank of the Mediterranean Ridge accretionary complex has documented episodic eruptive activity over the last 1 to > 1.5 Ma. Mud extrusion is related to plate convergence between Africa and Eurasia, having caused backthrust faulting of accreted strata containing overpressured mud at depth. The domes mainly consist of mud breccia with up to 65% of polymictic clasts embedded in a clayey matrix. On the basis of modifications of Poiseuille's and Stokes' laws, mud extrusion rates were calculated for Milano and Napoli mud domes. Mud ascent velocities are estimated to be up to 60-300kma-', and are comparable with those of silicate magmas. Using physical property, structural and flux data of the mud breccias, and compiled data from mud domes on land, the diameter of the feeder channel and the depth of origin for the overpressured muds could be reliably estimated for the first time. Feeder channels are likely to be only a few metres wide. Gas efflux estimates constrain a source depth to c. 1700 4-50 m below sea floor in the Olimpi field, which is considerably shallower than estimations made from the thermal maturity of solid organic carbon in the mud breccias. The efflux data suggest that the overpressured muds were not mobilized at d6collement depth, but at a shallower level within the accretionary prism. A comparison of mud ascent rates (as determined from Poiseuille flow) and the total volumes of mud extruded indicate that only a fraction of the time span constrained from biostratigraphic data (c.

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Section: Source and Source Depth Of Mud And Their Implicationssupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Source and Source Depth Of Mud And Their Implicationssupporting

confidence: 61%

Extrusion dynamics of mud volcanoes on the Mediterranean Ridge accretionary complex

Kopf

Behrmann

2000

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“…The complete spectrum of original interbedded sandstone and mudstone, to broken formation, to full melange, is commonly thought to be the result of two possible processes-either layer-parallel extension driven by gravitationally induced spreading, or layer-parallel extensional shear during imbricate faulting of accretionary wedges (Cowan 1985 and references therein). Schulz et al (1997) suggested that there may be a relationship between sites of mud diapirism with deep thrust planes, and Monaco & Tortorici (1996) mapped recent elongate diapiric melanges. It is possible that layer-parallel extensional shear and simple shear during accretion or imbrication was followed by diapiric intrusion in the case of the Balloon Melange (Fig.…”

Section: Origin and Emplacement Of The Balloon Melangementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Upwards movement of >7 km has been estimated for the diapirs of the Mediterranean Ridge (Schulz et al 1997). The chert, limestone, and serpentinite blocks are the exotic elements of the Balloon Melange and suggest an oceanic assemblage basement for the protolith (see Pickering et al 1988, fig.…”

Section: Origin and Emplacement Of The Balloon Melangementioning

confidence: 99%

The balloon Melange, northwest Nelson: Origin, structure, and emplacement

Jongens

Bradshaw

Fowler

2003

New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

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New work on the Balloon Melange, a regional scale body of disrupted sandstone and mudstone that encloses a number of exotic blocks, suggests that the characteristic fabric has a two-stage origin. The first stage is dominated by layer parallel extension in weakly lithified rocks, and the second by further strain and cleavage development in lithified rock. Location of intrusive contacts between melange and arc assemblage rocks suggests that initial disruption was followed by a diapiric intrusion into a Cambrian volcanic arc plus arcderived sediment host, probably in the latest Cambrian. Mesoscopic and microscopic structural examination shows the fabric was extensively modified during the development of S 1 slaty cleavage. Cleavage formation postdates diagenesis in both melange and host and probably developed in the mid Paleozoic.Petrology, geochronology, and geochemistry confirm that quartzofeldpathic sediments similar to the Junction Formation were the dominant contributors to the melange. The quartzofeldspathic suite (Junction Formation and Balloon Melange protolith) has an Australian-Antarctic provenance and is thought to be part of a submarine fan that may have been incorporated into an accretionary complex developed near the trench at a convergent plate boundary. Further crustal shortening is required to place the volcanic arc assemblage above the accretionary complex prior to diapiric injection of the melange. Subcretion of water-rich sediments above a subduction zone would create an environment predisposed to diapiric intrusion. Scale, and the juxtaposition of rocks of backarc, arc, and accretionary complex origin, points to significant shortening after arc volcanism ceased.The architecture of the Southwest Pacific sector of the Cambrian Gondwana margin and plate boundary is not well understood. Crustal shortening and thrusting are widely developed in the Late Cambrian to Early Ordovician RossDelamerian orogen, and the events leading to the emplacement of the Balloon Melange suggest that the RossDelamerian orogeny affected northwest Nelson.

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“…These characteristics suggest that the fluids originate at depths where temperatures are high enough to promote these reactions. However, there are fewer lithological studies that include chemical and mineralogical analyses of mud volcano sediments than there are studies of mud volcano fluids (e.g., [9][10][11]), although …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clay Mineral Suites in Submarine Mud Volcanoes in the Kumano Forearc Basin, Nankai Trough: Constraints on the Origin of Mud Volcano Sediments

et al. 2018

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Abstract:Clay mineralogy is an important characteristic of mud volcano sediments. This study determined the clay mineral compositions of sediment from two submarine mud volcanoes in the Kumano forearc basin, Nankai Trough, by X-ray diffraction analysis. Similar compositions dominated by smectite in the two mud volcanoes indicate that the mud volcanoes in the basin are rooted in the same source sequence. These clay mineral compositions differed from those in Pleistocene basin sediment, suggesting that the mud volcano sediment originated beneath the Pleistocene sediment. The illite content in the illite-smectite mixed layer averaged 32% in the mud volcano sediment, which implies that the sediment experienced temperatures above 60 • C that promoted the smectite-to-illite transformation. However, porewater extracted from the mud volcano sediment had Cl -concentrations roughly half that of seawater and proportional enrichment in 18 O and depletion in D, indicating that dehydration reactions of clay minerals had previously occurred in a deeply buried sedimentary layer. The smectite and illite contents (<60%) in the clay-size fraction rule out in situ smectite dewatering as the cause of the dilution of Cl -in porewater. Thus, fluids derived from clay dewatering must have originated from deeper than the source of the mud volcano sediment.

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Organic carbon provenance and maturity in the mud breccia from the Napoli mud volcano: Indicators of origin and burial depth

Cited by 32 publications

References 16 publications

Extrusion dynamics of mud volcanoes on the Mediterranean Ridge accretionary complex

Extrusion dynamics of mud volcanoes on the Mediterranean Ridge accretionary complex

The balloon Melange, northwest Nelson: Origin, structure, and emplacement

Clay Mineral Suites in Submarine Mud Volcanoes in the Kumano Forearc Basin, Nankai Trough: Constraints on the Origin of Mud Volcano Sediments

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