Organic-inorganic hybrid electrochromic materials, polysilsesquioxanes containing triarylamine, changing color from colorless to blue

Abstract

Four kinds of soluble monomers, containing triarylamine (TAA) group with reactive siloxane group, were synthesized under mild conditions via the reaction between 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl isocyanate (TEOSPIC) and four TAA derivatives, respectively. Then the corresponding colorless organic-inorganic hybrid materials (PSSOs) were derived from the hydrolytic condensation of the monomers. PSSOs revealed good solubility in polar solvents on account of the effect of propeller-like TAA unit as well as the auxo-action effect of the flexible chain within the monomers. The structural characteristics of these PSSOs were identified by 1H NMR, 29Si NMR, FT-IR spectroscopies and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphology, dynamic changes of the transmittance and current before and after electro-oxidizing reaction were studied, and didn’t show significant change suggesting good stability of the PSSOs. Meanwhile, these PSSOs performed high contrast of optical transmittance change up to 84% with the highest coloration efficiency to 241 cm2·C−1. Furthermore, electrofluorescent properties of PSSOs were investigated with high-contrast.

Responsive Smart Windows from Nanoparticle–Polymer Composites

“…[87,88] Various types of electrochromic materials have been used in smart window applications, including inorganic transition metal oxides (e.g., V 2 O 5 , WO 3 , IrO 2 , Nb 2 O 5 , MoO 3 ), [68,89,90] small molecules (e.g., viologens, [91,92] and Prussian blue [63,90,93] ), ITO nanocrystals (NCs), [4,62] electrochromic polymers [91,94] PDLCs, [71,72] and inorganic-organic hybrids. [87,95,96] For high performance windows, the active materials should exhibit strong coloration efficiency, high optical contrast between the transparent and opaque state, competitive photo-stability, and fast switching speed. [79,83] High contrast between the clear state and opaque state, and more functionality (e.g., reducing heat gain) are desired to extend their applications to office windows, and commercial building and residential house windows.…”

Recipe for Fabricating Optimized Solid‐State Electrochromic Devices and Its Know‐How: Challenges and Future

“…[103] Conventionally, the combination of n-type and ptype ECM when coupled together to fabricate ECD of both hybrid nature, as well as pure device arrangements has been extensively studied in the literature. [37,[104][105][106] Other than providing a seamless flow of electrons, the role of the second EC layer includes it to act as a cushion thereby increasing the ECD's life span. Using two different ECMs also provides a chance to widen the color spectrum of the devices' output thus making it a great choice for multicolor-switching devices.…”

“…[34][35][36] In the latter, the 𝜋-𝜋* electronic transition between the HUMO-LUMO band gap induced by doping changes the neutral state of the polymer to polaronic and subsequently a bipolaronic state causing spectral changes in them. [37,38] The proper understanding of the color-switching mechanism is one of the most important aspects as it helps one in designing an appropriate ECD for targeted (multifunctional) application(s).…”

Thiol–yne crosslinked triarylamine hole transport layers for solution-processable organic light-emitting diodes

“…To achieve insoluble HTLs for multi-layer architectures, crosslinking is a promising way forward. [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] A wide range of crosslinking reactions suitable for the synthesis of triarylaminecontaining polymers was reported, including light-induced 21 or heat-induced 23 [2+2] cycloaddition, acrylate [24][25][26][27][28] or styrene [29][30][31][32][33] side-chain free-radical polymerization, anionic living polymerization, 34,35 siloxane condensation, [36][37][38][39] Schiff bases polycondensation, 40 electrochemical oxidative polymerization, [41][42][43] diyne polycyclotrimerization 44 and polycondensation of bisphenols or biscarbamates with aryl or alkylhalogenides 45,46 or diamines with diacid chlorides. 47 A range of metal-catalyzed reactions, such as Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne click reaction, 48 Pd-catalyzed Buchwald-Hartwig amination 49,50 and Suzuki crosscoupling, [51][52][53] Ullmann reaction 54,55 as well as ring-opening metathesis [56]…”