Organic light-emitting diode with indium-free metallic bilayer as transparent anode

Cheylan, S.; Ghosh, Dhriti Sundar; Krautz, D.; Chen, Tong Lai; Pruneri, Valerio

doi:10.1016/j.orgel.2011.02.015

Cited by 20 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…[ 140 ] Among these candidates, thin‐metal‐film‐based one stands out by its high electrical conductivity, good optical transmittance, improved mechanical flexibility, and large‐scale manufacturing compatibility. [ 140,143,149,151,262 ] As an example, Zhang and co‐workers employed 8 nm thick Ni‐doped Ag films as transparent electrodes for centimeter‐size flexible OLEDs ( Figure a), which exhibit bending stability over 1000 circles (Figure 24b). [ 140 ] By replacing the thick ITO electrode with an ultrathin metal film, the associated waveguide modes are eliminated and therefore, the device exhibits both enhanced outcoupling efficiency and current efficiency.…”

Section: Device Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thin‐Metal‐Film‐Based Transparent Conductors: Material Preparation, Optical Design, and Device Applications

Zhang

Park

et al. 2020

Advanced Optical Materials

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Transparent conductors are essential elements in an array of optoelectronic devices. The most commonly used transparent conductor – indium tin oxide (ITO) suffers from issues including poor mechanical flexibility, rising cost, and the need for annealing to achieve high conductivity. Consequently, there has been intensive research effort in developing ITO‐free transparent conductors over the recent years. This article gives a comprehensive review on the development of an important ITO‐free transparent conductor, that is based on thin metal films. It starts with the background knowledge of material selection for thin‐metal‐film‐based transparent conductors and then surveys various techniques to fabricate high‐quality thin metal films. Then, it introduces the spectroscopic ellipsometry method for characterizing thin metal films with high accuracy, and discusses the optical design procedure for optimizing transmittance through thin‐metal‐film‐based conductors. The review also summarizes diverse applications of thin‐metal‐film‐based transparent conductors, ranging from solar cells and organic light emitting diodes, to optical spectrum filters, low‐emissivity windows, and transparent electromagnetic interference coatings.

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Section: Device Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thin‐Metal‐Film‐Based Transparent Conductors: Material Preparation, Optical Design, and Device Applications

Zhang

Park

et al. 2020

Advanced Optical Materials

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“…Though a sufficiently thin metal layer allows most of the light to be transmitted (high transparency), the discontinuity in film morphology results in poor electrical conductivity for ultrathin metal films. 41,106,107 Wilken et al measured the sheet resistance of Au thin films on glass substrates with different nominal film thicknesses (from 10 to 60 nm). As shown in Fig.…”

Section: Ultrathin Metal Layersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transparent electrodes for organic optoelectronic devices: a review

et al. 2014

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Abstract. Transparent conductive electrodes are one of the essential components for organic optoelectronic devices, including photovoltaic cells and light-emitting diodes. Indium-tin oxide (ITO) is the most common transparent electrode in these devices due to its excellent optical and electrical properties. However, the manufacturing of ITO film requires precious raw materials and expensive processes, which limits their compatibility with mass production of large-area, low-cost devices. The optical/electrical properties of ITO are strongly dependent on the deposition processes and treatment conditions, whereas its brittleness and the potential damage to underlying films during deposition also present challenges for its use in flexible devices. Recently, several other transparent conductive materials, which have various degrees of success relative to commercial applications have been developed to address these issues. Starting from the basic properties of ITO and the effect of various ITO surface modification methods, here we review four different groups of materials, doped metal oxides, thin metals, conducting polymers, and nanomaterials (including carbon nanotubes, graphene, and metal nanowires), that have been reported as transparent electrodes in organic optoelectronic materials. Particular emphasis is given to their optical/electrical and other material properties, deposition techniques, and applications in organic optoelectronic devices.

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“…A mild annealing at 180 °C in room air induces the formation of an ultrathin NiO film at the surface of the structure and therefore it increases Φ M up to 5.4 eV. These structures have been used as the anode in OLEDs and organic solar cells such as: Cu(7)/Ni(1)/NiO/P3HT:PCBM/LiCoO 2 /Al. These structures have a good flexibility and their efficiency is around 2.51%, while that achieved with ITO is 3.31% (Table ).…”

Section: Semitransparent Metal Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward indium‐free optoelectronic devices: Dielectric/metal/dielectric alternative transparent conductive electrode in organic photovoltaic cells

Cattin

Bérnède

Morsli

2013

Physica Status Solidi (a)

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International audienceDepending on their resistivity and their transmittance, the thin films of transparent conductive oxide (TCO) are widely used in optoelectronic devices. In2O3:Sn (ITO) is the most widely used TCO in optoelectronic devices. As indium is scarce and ITO is limited in flexibility due to its ceramic structure, many studies have been dedicated to new transparent conductive electrodes. This review article presents the state-of-the-art concerning the dielectric/metal/dielectric structures and their application as transparent electrodes in organic photovoltaic cells (OPVCs). First, TCO/Ag/TCO structures were created to achieve higher conductivity than ITO films. Then others dielectrics have been used such as transition-metal oxides (WO3, MoO3, V2O5, etc.), ZnS, etc. Such structures exhibit excellent flexibility, high conductivity, and good transparency. They can be deposited onto substrates at room temperature by simple evaporation under vacuum. Moreover, it is possible to manage the anode work function through the choice of the dielectric, which can allow them to be used as cathodes or anodes and as intermediate electrodes in tandem solar cells. The properties of the dielectric/metal/dielectric (D/M/D) structures depend on the thickness of the different layers. The threshold thickness value of the metal film is usually around 10 nm, where the structures change from an insulating state to a highly conductive state. This is attributed to the percolation of conducting metal paths. The transmittance of the films increases when the metal thickness increases up to the percolation thickness, while further increase induces a decrease in transmittance. Finally, the nature and the thickness of the dielectric layers can be chosen as a function of the device properties requested, which is illustrated through different examples of OPVCs

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Organic light-emitting diode with indium-free metallic bilayer as transparent anode

Cited by 20 publications

References 18 publications

Thin‐Metal‐Film‐Based Transparent Conductors: Material Preparation, Optical Design, and Device Applications

Thin‐Metal‐Film‐Based Transparent Conductors: Material Preparation, Optical Design, and Device Applications

Transparent electrodes for organic optoelectronic devices: a review

Toward indium‐free optoelectronic devices: Dielectric/metal/dielectric alternative transparent conductive electrode in organic photovoltaic cells

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