Organic Photovoltaic Devices Based on a Novel Acceptor Material: Graphene

Liu, Zunfeng; Liu, Qian; Huang, Yi; Ma, Yanfeng; Yin, Shougen; Zhang, Xiaoyan; Sun, Wei; Chen, Yongsheng

doi:10.1002/adma.200800366

Cited by 824 publications

(505 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…However, it cannot be directly used as a filler of hydrophobic organic polymers such as polythiophene derivatives because it is hydrophilic. 109 Consequently, functionalization of GO is important for improving its dispersibility in organic matrices. For example, phenyl isocyanate (PIC) was used to synthesize organic solution-processable functionalized graphene.…”

Section: Heterojunction Solar Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a novel and unique member of the carbon nanomaterials family, graphene is an attractive material for fabricating transparent electrodes 27,43,141 and improving the performances of dyesensitized 15,142,143 and heterojunction solar cells. [108][109][110] Transparent Conducting Electrodes TCEs are a key component of optoelectronic devices. The ideal TECs should possess high transparency (>80%), low resistance (<100 X/&), and an appropriate work function (4.5-5.2 eV).…”

Section: Solar Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Graphene/polymer composites for energy applications

Sun

Shi

2012

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

238

120

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Graphene has wide potential applications in energyrelated systems, mainly because of its unique atom-thick twodimensional structure, high electrical or thermal conductivity, optical transparency, great mechanical strength, inherent flexibility, and huge specific surface area. For this purpose, graphene materials are frequently blended with polymers to form composites, especially when fabricating flexible devices. Graphene/polymer composites have been explored as electrodes of supercapacitors or lithium ion batteries, counter electrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells, transparent conducting electrodes and active layers of organic solar cells, catalytic electrodes, and polymer electrolyte membranes of fuel cells. In this review, we summarize the recent advances on the synthesis and applications of graphene/polymer composites for energy applications. The challenges and prospects in this field have also been discussed. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 231-253 KEYWORDS: composites; energy; fuel cell; graphene; lithium ion battery; redox polymers; solar cell; supercapacitor; synthesis INTRODUCTION Energy is one of the most important recent topics of concern to human society. To replace conventional fossil fuels, clean and renewable energies based on sunlight, wind, new chemicals, and biofuels are urgently demanded. Therefore, materials that can directly convert or store renewable energies are being extensively studied. Among them, graphene has recently attracted a great deal of attention because of its unique atom-thick two-dimensional (2D) structure 1,2 and excellent electrical, 2 thermal, 3 optical, and mechanical properties. 4,5 Graphene is a promising material for applications in various energy-related systems such as supercapacitors, 6-9 secondary batteries, 10-14 solar cells, 15-17 and fuel cells. [18][19][20] For this purpose, graphene materials are frequently blended with polymers to form functional composites. [21][22][23] The polymer component can improve the processability and/or flexibility of graphene materials, and also possibly provide them with new functions. To date, various graphene composites with insulating or conducting polymers (CPs) have been prepared through noncovalent 22 or covalent approaches. 24 They have also been applied as electrodes for supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries (LIBs), 25-29 counter electrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), 15,30,31 and transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) 32,33 or active layers of organic solar cells, 34 catalytic electrodes, and polymer electrolyte membranes of fuel cells. [35][36][37] This review focuses on summarizing the recent advances in the synthesis of graphene/polymer composites and their energy applications.

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Section: Heterojunction Solar Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Solar Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene/polymer composites for energy applications

Sun

Shi

2012

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

238

120

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“…The latest results 16,21,24 including our own studies 31 have demonstrated that the efficacious use of graphene in polymer nanocomposites is strongly correlated with the ability to disperse them homogeneously in a polymer matrix without destroying their integrity of graphitic network. Perfect graphene does not exist naturally, but bulk and aqueous or organic solution processable functionalized graphene materials can now be prepared easily.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infrared-Triggered Actuators from Graphene-Based Nanocomposites

et al. 2009

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The emerging field of optical-triggered actuators based on polymeric nanocomposite continues to be the focus of considerable research in recent years because of their scientific and technological significance. In principle, dispersing nanofiller with unique characteristics in polymer matrix can not only provide superb enhancement of performance but also afford novel actuation schemes to the systems. Graphene, combining its unusual electrical, thermal, mechanical, and optical properties, can provide the ability to act as "energy transfer" and trigger unit in the realm of nanocomposite actuators. Herein, we demonstrate a new dimension to this 2D nanoscale material by showing the excellent light-triggered acutation of its thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites with significantly enhanced mechanical properties. These nanocomposite actuators with 1 wt % loading of sulfonated functionalized graphene sheets (sulfonated-graphene) exhibit repeatable infraredtriggered actuation performance which can strikingly contract and lift a 21.6 g weight 3.1 cm with 0.21 N of force on exposure to infrared light and demonstrate estimated energy densities of over 0.33 J/g. Some cases can even reach as high as 0.40 J/g. Dramatic improvement in mechanical properties is also obtained for the graphene nanocomposites with homogeneous dispersion. As the concentration of sulfonated-graphene increases, its nanocomposites show significantly enhanced mechanical properties, that is, the Young's modulus increases by 120% at only 1 wt % loading. Moreover, through comparative study of three kinds of graphene materials, it is found that this infrared-triggered actuation property is principally dependent on the integrity of the aromatic network of graphene and on its dispersion state within the matrix.

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“…[14][15][16][17] Great strides have been made in the use of solution-processable graphene materials for highly conducting composites, [18][19][20] transparent electrodes 21 and photovoltaic device applications. 22,23 Currently, graphene, which is a perfect monolayer that does not exist naturally, can be produced in large quantities by the chemical reduction of graphene oxide (GO), using graphite as a raw material. 24 Graphite is cheap and easily available, so this chemical approach is likely to be the simplest and most effective method for the large-scale production of graphene.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide nanocomposites prepared by a simple eco-process

Morimune

Nishino

Goto

2012

Polym J

144

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Graphene, a single layer of graphite, has recently attracted a large amount of attention because of its extremely high electronic and thermal properties, as many nanoscale materials are based on individual graphene. Graphene oxide (GO), which is the intermediate during the chemical processing of graphene, consists of graphene functionalized with oxygen-containing functional groups that imparts the desirable solution-processability to the neat graphene. Herein, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), a hydrophilic polymer, was selected as the matrix, and PVA/GO nanocomposites were prepared by a simple and environment friendly process using water as the proceeding medium. In the PVA matrix, GO was exfoliated and nanodispersed. We found that the nanocomposites constructed by the incorporation of GO up to 1% by weight possess remarkable properties, such as significantly high mechanical and thermal properties. These excellent reinforcement effects were achieved not only by the rigid structure and high aspect ratio of the exfoliated GO but also by the strong interaction between PVA and GO. Furthermore, owing to the sheet-like structure of GO, the barrier properties of the nanocomposites were found to be dramatically increased.

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Organic Photovoltaic Devices Based on a Novel Acceptor Material: Graphene

Cited by 824 publications

References 51 publications

Graphene/polymer composites for energy applications

Graphene/polymer composites for energy applications

Infrared-Triggered Actuators from Graphene-Based Nanocomposites

Poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide nanocomposites prepared by a simple eco-process

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