“…These isomorphic pressures interact with innovations at the institutional level (Stensaker and Norgard, 2001) as institutions attempt to reconcile external sectoral pressures with imperatives to make internal change coherent. In higher education sectors there are often powerful concepts of what a "university" is or should be, with commitments to notions of disinterested truth seeking and individual academic autonomy, values and stewardship (Watson, 2007;Stevens, 2004), in addition to "entrepreneurial" models that are aligned with a discourse that views the university as increasingly embedded in a web of industrial knowledge co-production (Bleiklie and Kogan, 2007;Gibbons et al, 1994). These concepts also share the higher education landscape with the traditions of professional development for "higher vocations" (Delanty, 2001) and a broader pragmatic "vocationalism", which for most of the 20th century in England was primarily associated with the technical institutes, technological universities and the polytechnics (Burgess and Pratt, 1970;Pratt, 1997;Pratt and Burgess, 1974).…”