Organization of visual pathways in normal and visually deprived cats.

Sherman, S. Murray; Spear, Peter D.

doi:10.1152/physrev.1982.62.2.738

Cited by 672 publications

(294 citation statements)

References 144 publications

(366 reference statements)

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“…Comparison between experience-dependent plasticity in the LGN and cortex, however, comes with the caveat that the features of monocular deprivation and dark rearing are quite distinct (Sherman and Spear, 1982). Nevertheless, it is worth comparing some characteristics of the plasticity induced at different regions of the visual system.…”

Section: Different Forms Of Experience-dependent Plasticity In the VImentioning

confidence: 99%

Vision Triggers an Experience-Dependent Sensitive Period at the Retinogeniculate Synapse

Hooks

Chen²

2008

J. Neurosci.

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In the mammalian visual system, sensory experience is widely thought to sculpt cortical circuits during a precise critical period. In contrast, subcortical regions, such as the thalamus, were thought to develop at earlier ages in a vision-independent manner. Recent studies at the retinogeniculate synapse, however, have demonstrated an influence of vision on the formation of synaptic circuits in the thalamus. In mice, dark rearing from birth does not alter normal developmental maturation of the connection between retina and thalamus. However, deprivation 20 d after birth [postnatal day 20 (p20)] resulted in dramatic weakening of synaptic strength and an increase in the number of retinal inputs that innervate a thalamic relay neuron. Here, by quantifying changes in synaptic strength and connectivity in response to different time windows of deprivation, we find that several days of vision after eye opening is necessary for triggering experience-dependent plasticity. Shorter periods of visual experience do not permit similar experience-dependent synaptic reorganization. Furthermore, changes in connectivity are rapidly reversible simply by restoring normal vision. However, similar plasticity did not occur when shifting the onset of deprivation to p25. Although synapses still weakened, recruitment of additional retinal inputs no longer occurred. Therefore, synaptic circuits in the visual thalamus are unexpectedly malleable during a late developmental period, after the time when normal synapse elimination and pruning has occurred. This thalamic sensitive period overlaps temporally with experience-dependent changes in the cortex, suggesting that subcortical plasticity may influence cortical responses to sensory experience.

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Section: Different Forms Of Experience-dependent Plasticity In the VImentioning

confidence: 99%

Vision Triggers an Experience-Dependent Sensitive Period at the Retinogeniculate Synapse

Hooks

Chen²

2008

J. Neurosci.

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“…Since the ma jor portion of glucose metabolism in the brain goes towards the maintenance of resting membrane po tentials (Mata et aI., 1980;Kadekaro et aI., 1985;Nudo and Masterton, 1986), it is not surprising that the developmental phase characterized by an ex cess number of processes corresponds to that of highest lCMR g 1c -In the kitten, the period of excessive connectivity during development is also associated with a high degree of brain plasticity (Morest, 1969). This has been particularly well studied in the feline visual system, where following about day 70, when the gradual elimination of excessive cellular processes and connections actively takes place, one also sees diminishing plasticity of the visual cortex (Barlow, 1975;Hirsch and Leventhal, 1978;Sherman and Spear, 1982).…”

Section: Lcmrgic Synaptogenesis and Plasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This occurs at a time well beyond the period of maximal brain plasticity in cat brain (Morest, 1969;Barlow, 1975;Hirsch and Lev enthal, 1978;Sherman and Spear, 1982).…”

Section: Second Metabolic Peakmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Maturation of the Brain: A Study of Local Cerebral Glucose Utilization in the Developing Cat

Chugani

Hovda

Villablanca

et al. 1991

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

117

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Summary: Previously, using positron emission tomogra phy (PET), we showed that local cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (lCMRglc) in children undergo dynamic mat urational trends before reaching adult values. In order to develop an animal model that can be used to explore the biological significance of the different segments of the lCMRglc maturational curve, we measured lCMRglc in kit tens at various stages of postnatal development and in adult cats using quantitative [14C]2-deoxyglucose autora diography. In the kitten, very low lCMRg1c levels (0.14 to 0. 53 f.Lmol min -I g -I ) were seen during the first 15 days of life, with phylogenetically older brain regions being generally more metabolically mature than newer struc tures. After 15 days of age, many brain regions (particu larly telencephalic structures) underwent sharp increases of lCMRglc to reach, or exceed, adult rates by 60 days. This developmental period (15 to 60 days) corresponds to the time of rapid synaptic proliferation known to occur in the cat. At 90 and 120 days, a slight decline in lCMRglc Using positron emission tomography (PET), we have previously described the distribution and ab solute rates of local cerebral glucose utilization in the normal human brain from birth to adulthood (Chugani and Phelps, 1986;Chugani et al., 1987 Abbreviations used: BHB, f3-hydroxybutyrate ; 2DG, 2-deoxyglucose; PET, positron emission tomography . 35was observed, but this was followed by a second, larger peak occurring at about 180 days, when sexual matura tion occurs in the cat. Only after 180 days did ICMRglc decrease to reach final adult values (0.21 to 2.04 f.Lmol min -I g -I ) . In general, there was good correlation be tween the metabolic maturation of various neuroanatom ical regions and the emergence of behaviors mediated by the specific region. At least in the kitten visual cortex, which has been extensively studied with respect to de velopmental plasticity, the "critical period" corre sponded to that portion of the lCMRg1c maturational curve surrounding the 60-day metabolic peak. These nor mal maturational ICMRglc data will serve as baseline val ues with which to compare anatomical and metabolic plasticity changes induced by age-related lesions in the cat. Key Words: Cerebral glucose utilization-Brain de velopment-Positron emission tomography-Auto radiography-Plasticity-Cat.metabolic rates for glucose (lCMR g lc) in most brain areas undergo dynamic maturational changes over a rather protracted period. The typically low neonatal values of ICMR g lc rapidly increase from birth and begin to exceed adult values in the second and third postnatal year. By about 4 years, a plateau is reached that extends until about 9 years; following this, there is a gradual decline in ICMR g lc to reach adult values by the end of the second decade. The relative increase in ICMR g lc over adult values is most pronounced in neocortical regions, which at their peak have over a twofold higher ICMR g lc than corresponding adult values. Phylogenetically older structures (e.g.,...

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“…The visual system separates different types of information into parallel, anatomically segregated, processing streams (Sherman and Spear, 1982;Livingstone and Hubel, 1987;DeYoe and Van Essen, 1988;Felleman and Van Essen, 1991;Maunsell, 1992;Hendry and Reid, 2000;Sherman and Guillery, 2004). In carnivores, the three physiological retino-geniculo-cortical streams are known as X, Y, and W streams; the X and Y streams are comparable with the parvocellular and magnocellular pathways in primates (Sherman and Guillery, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Organization of the Ferret Visual Thalamus

Kawasaki

Crowley²,

Livesey³

et al. 2004

J. Neurosci.

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The visual system encodes and deciphers information using parallel, anatomically segregated, processing streams. To reveal patterns of gene expression in the visual thalamus correlated with physiological processing streams, we designed a custom ferret cDNA microarray. By isolating specific subregions and layers of the thalamus, we identified a set of transcription factors, including Zic2, Islet1, and Six3, the unique distribution profiles of which differentiated the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) from the associated perigeniculate nucleus. Within the LGN, odd homeobox1 differentiated the A layers, which contain X cells and Y cells, from the C layers. One neuron-specific protein, Purkinje cell protein 4 (PCP4), was strongly expressed in Y cells in the ferret LGN and in the magnocellular layers of the primate LGN. In the ferret LGN, PCP4 expression began as early as postnatal day 7 (P7), suggesting that Y cells are already specified by P7. These results reveal a rich molecular repertoire that correlates with functional divisions of the LGN.

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Organization of visual pathways in normal and visually deprived cats.

Cited by 672 publications

References 144 publications

Vision Triggers an Experience-Dependent Sensitive Period at the Retinogeniculate Synapse

Vision Triggers an Experience-Dependent Sensitive Period at the Retinogeniculate Synapse

Metabolic Maturation of the Brain: A Study of Local Cerebral Glucose Utilization in the Developing Cat

Molecular Organization of the Ferret Visual Thalamus

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