Organization of Xenopus histone gene variants within clusters and their transcriptional expression

Destrée, Olivier; Bendig, Mary M.; Laaf, R.T.M. De; Koster, Johanna G.

doi:10.1016/0167-4781(84)90016-2

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…It is likely that a similar organization of histone genes is present in most vertebrates, with the exception of amphibians (Turner and Woodland 1983;Destree et al 1984) where many, if not all, of the histone genes are t a n d e m l y repeated. All of the replication-dependent chicken histone genes have been cloned and mapped using overlapping X phage, and they fall into two clusters (Grandy and Dodgson 1987;Nakayama et al 1993).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the mouse histone gene cluster on chromosome 13: 45 histone genes in three patches spread over 1Mb.

Wang¹,

Krasikov²,

Frey³

et al. 1996

Genome Res.

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The histone gene cluster on mouse chromosome 13 has been isolated and characterized. Using overlapping YAC clones containing histone genes from chromosome 13, a contig of -2 Mb has been defined, it contains 45 histone genes, organized in three patches containing tightly clustered genes. An 80-kb patch {patch I!I} containing 12 histone genes is near one end of the contig, and a similar-sized patch {patch i} containing 15 histone genes is near the other end of the contig, located at least 500 kb from the central patch {patch I1} of histone genes. The entire cluster contains six histone HI genes, including the testis-specific histone Hit gene that maps to the middle of the cluster. All nine histone H3 genes in this cluster have been sequenced, and their level of expression determined. Each histone H3 gene is distinct, with five genes encoding the H3.2 protein subtype and four genes encoding the H3.1 protein. They are all expressed, with each histone H3 gene accounting for a small proportion of the total histone H3 mRNA.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the mouse histone gene cluster on chromosome 13: 45 histone genes in three patches spread over 1Mb.

Wang¹,

Krasikov²,

Frey³

et al. 1996

Genome Res.

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“…Most histone genes in X. laevis are organized into at least two distinct types of clusters (9,31). An examination of histone mRNA accumulation has demonstrated that transcripts from genes in both types of clusters are present throughout oogenesis and embryogenesis (32).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Promoter sequences required for transcription of Xenopus laevis histone genes in injected frog oocyte nuclei.

Heindl¹,

Weil²,

Perry³

1988

Mol. Cell. Biol.

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Amphibian oogenesis is accompanied by the accumulation of histone mRNA and proteins in the absence of ongoing DNA replication. To begin an analysis of the mechanisms by which histone gene expression is regulated during frog oogenesis and embryogenesis, we used oocyte injection to examine the upstream sequences required for transcription of genes encoding each of the five histone classes. We found that sequences necessary for maximal levels of transcription are located 100 to 200 base pairs upstream of the corresponding start sites. In this region, each promoter examined contains conserved sequence elements, several of which seem to be histone gene class specific, in addition to other, more common sequence elements believed to be used by general transcription factors.

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“…gsc and Xbra. Furthermore, the activity of two other promoters (H1C [19,49], EF-1 ct [33]) was measured by reporter assay and the expression of three other genes (HNK-1, fftubulin, N-CAM) was tested by immunohistochemistry. There was significant CAT expression via the LTR promoter in Xenopus embryos, but upon coinjection with HIV-1 Tat, this expression was greatly inhibited in a dose-dependent manner.…”

Section: Hiv-1 Tat Exerts a General Down-regulation Of Gene Expressiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of HIV-1 Tat effects inXenopus laevis embryos

et al. 1998

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Tat is one of the regulatory proteins of the HIV-1 virus. To date, besides the transactivation activity, a myriad of effects exerted by HIV-1 Tat on cellular and viral genes have been observed. The present study investigated the in vivo effects of HIV-1 Tat protein in the Xenopus embryo. We adopted the Xenopus system since expression of putative regulatory factors in the embryo has been widely used as a quick and effective first screen for protein function. Xenopus' early development is well characterized by stage-specific phenotypes, therefore, an in vivo HIV-1 Tat-mediated aberrant phenotype can easily be detected and analyzed. HIV-1 Tat protein expression through injection of synthetic mRNA into zygotes produced a marked delay in gastrulation leading to altered specification of the anterior-posterior axis and to partial or total loss of anterior structures. HIV-1 Tat effects resulted in a general suppression of gene expression, including that of Xbra and gsc, two early genes whose expression is required for proper gastrulation. The specificity of Tat effects was demonstrated by injecting a 'loss of function' mutant (Tat-C37S), lacking a single cysteine residue, which did not yield any effect. Both Tat and Tat-C37S were found to be localized mainly in the nucleus. The importance of subcellular targeting for the effects caused by HIV-1 Tat was demonstrated by injecting a second mutant (Tat-BDM), carrying an altered nuclear localization signal sequence. The Tat-BDM protein localized in the cytoplasm and accumulated at the cell membrane. Embryos injected with Tat-BDM mRNA did not develop beyond gastrulation. The importance of proper protein conformation and subcellular localization in determining Tat effects is discussed.

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Organization of Xenopus histone gene variants within clusters and their transcriptional expression

Cited by 16 publications

References 39 publications

Characterization of the mouse histone gene cluster on chromosome 13: 45 histone genes in three patches spread over 1Mb.

Characterization of the mouse histone gene cluster on chromosome 13: 45 histone genes in three patches spread over 1Mb.

Promoter sequences required for transcription of Xenopus laevis histone genes in injected frog oocyte nuclei.

Analysis of HIV-1 Tat effects inXenopus laevis embryos

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