Organochlorine Insecticide Residues in African Fauna: 1971–1995

Wiktelius, S.; Edwards, C. A.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-1958-3_1

Cited by 27 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…This would explain the DDE residues found in biota in this study. Other factors that may account for the lack of organochlorine compounds found in the species sampled include the higher rates of dissipation of organochlorine compounds in tropical compared to temperate climates (Wiktelius and Edwards, 1997). This is thought to be due to high rates of volatilization (Yeadon and Perfect, 1981) due to persistently high temperatures and solar radiation intensity.…”

Section: Persistent Organic Pollutantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies on POPs and metal contaminant concentrations in African fish eagles and marabou storks are limited and in the former species, were largely done in southern Africa (Davies and Randall, 1989;Douthwaite, 1992). Of 1,829 records of organochlorine residues in African fauna reviewed by Wiktelius and Edwards (1997), birds comprised 60% of all records, with DDT and its metabolites being the most commonly reported residues. By far the greatest number of reports are from Zimbabwe (Douthwaite, 1992;Tannock et al, 1983;Hartley and Douthwaite, 1994), Kenya (Lincer et al,1981;Kairu, 1994), and South Africa (Davies and Randall, 1989) between 1975and 1985.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of 1,829 records of organochlorine residues in African fauna reviewed by Wiktelius and Edwards (1997), birds comprised 60% of all records, with DDT and its metabolites being the most commonly reported residues. By far the greatest number of reports are from Zimbabwe (Douthwaite, 1992;Tannock et al, 1983;Hartley and Douthwaite, 1994), Kenya (Lincer et al,1981;Kairu, 1994), and South Africa (Davies and Randall, 1989) between 1975and 1985. Wiktelius and Edwards (1997 stated that the tem-poral and regional distribution of reports may have been due to increased organochlorine usage in these countries at the time, or alternatively, better research, reporting, and infrastructural capacity than in other African countries where usage might also have been significant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lindane, aldrin, hexachlorobenzene, campheclor, chlordane, and heptachlor were also used. However, the lack of accurate data reporting makes it difficult to determine the actual usage of POPs in many African countries, including Uganda (Wiktelius and Edwards, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mercury and Persistent Organic Pollutant Concentrations in African Fish Eagles, Marabou Storks, and Nile Tilapia in Uganda

Hollamby

Afema-Azikuru²,

Sikarskie

et al. 2004

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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The purpose of this research was to evaluate persistent organic pollutant (POP) and mercury concentrations in tissues of African fish eagles (Haliaeetus vocifer) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from Lake Victoria near Entebbe and Lake Mburo, Uganda. Marabou stork (Leptoptilos crumeniferus) nestlings from urban Kampala (40 km from Entebbe) also were sampled for POPs and mercury. Total mercury was measured in the breast feathers of eight nestling and 10 adult African fish eagles from Lake Mburo, 10 nestling and five adult African fish eagles from Lake Victoria near Entebbe, and 20 nestling marabou storks from Kampala from June 2002 through January 2003. Mercury concentrations in all samples were below levels associated with adverse effects in similar species. Mercury concentrations were significantly higher in eagle adults and nestlings from Entebbe than in adults and nestlings from Lake Mburo (PՅ0.05). No significant differences (PՆ0.05) were found in mercury concentrations between sexes or between the entire fish eagle population sampled at Entebbe and marabou stork nestlings sampled at nearby Kampala. Plasma samples from the same birds were analyzed for 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane, aldrin, hexachlorocyclohexane (␣-HCH), dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor and their metabolites, as well as total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Nile tilapia whole-body cross sections collected from Lake Mburo (nϭ3) and Lake Victoria near Entebbe (nϭ8) also were analyzed for these POPs and mercury. No samples contained POPs or PCBs at the limits of detection except for 4,4Ј-1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene in five adult eagle plasma samples (0.0026Ϯ0.0015 ppm wet weight) and five Nile tilapia samples (0.002Ϯ0.001 ppm wet weight) from Entebbe.

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Section: Persistent Organic Pollutantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mercury and Persistent Organic Pollutant Concentrations in African Fish Eagles, Marabou Storks, and Nile Tilapia in Uganda

Hollamby

Afema-Azikuru²,

Sikarskie

et al. 2004

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…The persistence and worldwide distribution of hazardous organochlorine compounds caused by global distillation has been documented [118]. Organochlorine insecticide residues have been shown to be present even in the tissues of remote African fauna [119]. Thus, human exposure to potential disruptors of reproductive function is widespread.…”

Section: There Is No Direct Evidence For Pollutant-induced Reproductimentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of environmental hormones on reproduction

Danzo¹

1998

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS)

114

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Considerable attention has been given in the past few years to the possibility that man-made chemicals (xenobiotics) in the environment may pose a hazard to human reproductive health. The endocrine-disrupting effects of many xenobiotics can be interpreted as interference with the normal regulation of reproductive processes by steroid hormones. Evidence reviewed here indicates that xenobiotics bind to androgen and oestrogen receptors in target tissues, and to androgen-binding protein and to sex hormone-binding globulin. Although environmental chemicals have weak hormonal activity, their ability to interact with more than one steroid-sensitive pathway provides a mechanism by which their hazardous nature can be augmented. A given toxicant may be present in low concentration in the environment and, therefore, harmless. However, we are not exposed to one toxicant at a time, but, rather, to all of the xenobiotics present in the environment. Therefore, numerous potential agonists/antagonists working together through several steroid-dependent signalling pathways could prove to be hazardous to human reproductive health.

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Assessment of organochlorine pesticides and metals in ring‐tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar

Rainwater

Sauther

Rainwater

et al. 2009

American J Primatol

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Like most of Madagascar's endemic primates, ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) face a number of threats to their survival. Although habitat loss is of greatest concern, other anthropogenic factors including environmental contamination may also affect lemur health and survival. In this study, we examined ring-tailed lemurs from the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve (BMSR), southern Madagascar for exposure to organochlorine (OC) pesticides and metals and examined differences in contaminant concentrations between sexes and among age groups, troops, and habitats. A total of 14 pesticides and 13 metals was detected in lemur blood (24 individuals) and hair (65 individuals) samples, respectively. p,p'-DDT, heptachlor, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide, endrin aldehyde, and endrin were among the most prevalent pesticides detected. Surprisingly, the persistent metabolite of p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, was not detected. The most commonly detected metals were aluminum, zinc, boron, phosphorus, silicon, and copper, whereas metals considered more hazardous to wildlife (e.g. arsenic, cadmium, lead, selenium, vanadium) were not found above detection limits. Overall, concentrations of OC pesticides and metals were low and similar to those considered to be background concentrations in other studies examining the ecotoxicology of wild mammals. Few inter-sex, -age, -troop, and -habitat differences in contaminant concentrations were observed, suggesting a uniform distribution of contaminants within the reserve. Several statistically significant relationships between lemur body size and contaminant concentrations were observed, but owing to the lack of supportive data regarding contaminant exposure in wild primates, the biological significance of these findings remains uncertain. Results of this study document exposure of ring-tailed lemurs at BMSR to multiple OC pesticides and metals and provide essential baseline data for future health and toxicological evaluations of lemurs and other wild primates, especially those in regions with expanding agricultural and mining operations.

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Organochlorine Insecticide Residues in African Fauna: 1971–1995

Cited by 27 publications

References 50 publications

Mercury and Persistent Organic Pollutant Concentrations in African Fish Eagles, Marabou Storks, and Nile Tilapia in Uganda

Mercury and Persistent Organic Pollutant Concentrations in African Fish Eagles, Marabou Storks, and Nile Tilapia in Uganda

The effects of environmental hormones on reproduction

Assessment of organochlorine pesticides and metals in ring‐tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar

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