Organophosphate esters in Chinese rice: Occurrence, distribution, and human exposure risks

Li, Meng; Fei, Jiamin; Zhang, Zihan; Sun, Qian; Liu, Chunsheng

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160915

Cited by 13 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…OPFRs can be detected in agricultural products such as grains (rice, corn), vegetables (potatoes, cereals, tomatoes, cabbage, rape, carrots, broccoli, onions, and celery), fruits (apples, bananas, oranges, pears, peaches, citrus, strawberries, and grapes), meat, dairy products, and eggs around the world. ,− Pregnant women and mothers have a higher daily consumption of OPFRs than other adults, perhaps due to their specialized prenatal and postnatal diets. , Throughout the pregnancy and breastfeeding period, women should have a well-balanced diet and refuel frequently in order to obtain sufficient calories and nutrients. , They may consume more food rich in protein, vitamins, and healthy fats, which maybe contribute to a relative increase in their body burdens of OPFRs . OPFRs can be frequently detected in cereals and meat. − For example, China has the highest levels of ∑OPFRs in rice worldwide, as high as 802 ng/g dry weight (dw) . The median concentration of OPFRs in meats and fish collected from a local market in America was higher than those in dairy and cereal products .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Pregnant Women: Sources, Occurrence, and Potential Risks to Pregnancy Outcomes

Wang

Zhu

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are found in various environmental matrixes and human samples. Exposure to OPFRs during gestation may interfere with pregnancy, for example, inducing maternal oxidative stress and maternal hypertension during pregnancy, interfering maternal and fetal thyroid hormone secretion and fetal neurodevelopment, and causing fetal metabolic abnormalities. However, the consequences of OPFR exposure on pregnant women, impact on mother-to-child transmission of OPFRs, and harmful effects on fetal and pregnancy outcomes have not been evaluated. This review describes the exposure to OPFRs in pregnant women worldwide, based on metabolites of OPFRs (mOPs) in urine for prenatal exposure and OPFRs in breast milk for postnatal exposure. Predictors of maternal exposure to OPFRs and variability of mOPs in urine have been discussed. Mother-to-child transmission pathways of OPFRs have been scrutinized, considering the levels of OPFRs and their metabolites in amniotic fluid, placenta, deciduae, chorionic villi, and cord blood. The results showed that bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) were the two predominant mOPs in urine, with detection frequencies of >90%. The estimated daily intake (EDIM) indicates low risk when infants are exposed to OPFRs from breast milk. Furthermore, higher exposure levels of OPFRs in pregnant women may increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and influence the developmental behavior of infants. This review summarizes the knowledge gaps of OPFRs in pregnant women and highlights the crucial steps for assessing health risks in susceptible populations, such as pregnant women and fetuses.

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