Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs): A review on analytical methods and occurrence in wastewater and aquatic environment

Pantelaki, Ioanna; Voutsa, Dimitra

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.286

Cited by 268 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Approximately, 85% of FR use is in the production of plastics, while rubber and textile products account for most of the rest (IHS consulting, 2014). The production of OPFRs as alternatives to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs, the previous most used HFRs banned by the Stockholm Convention in 2009 (Stockholm-Convention, 2010)) has increased from 186,000 t in 2001 to 680,000 t in 2015 (Pantelaki and Voutsa, 2019). Moreover, the global OPFR market is forecasted to grow at an annual rate of 5.2% from 2016 to 2021.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First determination of high levels of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in dolphins from Southern European waters

Sala

Giménez

Stephanis

et al. 2019

Environmental Research

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This study evaluates for the first time organophosphorus flame retardant (OPFR) occurrence in the Alboran Sea delphinids (Spain). OPFRs were detected in all the individuals with concentration levels up to 24.7 µg/g lw. Twelve out of sixteen tested analytes were detected, being TBOEP which presented the highest detection frequency, and IDPP which presented the highest levels of concentration. OPFR distribution in different tissues (blubber, brain, kidney, muscle and liver) was evaluated. The pattern distribution showed the highest contribution for blubber (mean value of 68%) and the lowest contribution for liver (mean value of 2%). Seven OPFRs were detected in brain samples showing their capacity to surpass the blood-brain barrier and reach the brain. Moreover, high affinity for the brain tissue was observed. This is extremely important due to the neurotoxic effects of several compounds such as TCEP and TNBP. OPFR levels were compared with previously published PBDE concentrations, and no significant differences were observed. Taking into account the lower use and lower bioaccumulation and biomagnification capacities of OPFRs, this could indicate an additional OPFR source of pollution in addition to their use as FRs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First determination of high levels of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in dolphins from Southern European waters

Sala

Giménez

Stephanis

et al. 2019

Environmental Research

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“…The additives based on halogenated compounds have been the most used ones as flame retardants for thermoplastics until the entry of new environmental regulations that restrict their use. This is due to these flame retardants being found at increasing levels in household dust, human blood and breast milk, and wild animals [15][16][17]. All these circumstances have led to the development of regulations in Europe such as REACH, WEE or ROHS that limit and even prevent the use of many of these substances [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study and fire test of banana fibre reinforced composites with flame retardance properties

et al. 2020

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AbstractThe interest in natural fibre reinforced composites is growing in industrial applications due to natural fibres being an attractive alternative to synthetic fibres. However, it is necessary to improve the fire behaviour of the material because natural fibres have a high combustibility. The objective of this work is to evaluate the fire resistance of polymer composites reinforced with natural fibre fabric, using magnesium hydroxide as flame retardant for the polymeric matrix and alkali treatment for the fibre. The types of fabric are banana, banana with cotton and linen; and long banana fibre has been used for the formation of a nonwoven. The fire test is carried out based on ISO 9773 standard and the effect of the additive has been studied, chemical treatment, type of fabric and number of layers. Through statistical analysis, it is concluded that the flame propagation speed has a decreasing relation with respect to the percentage, but it decreases the mechanical properties considerably. In addition, the number of layers and type of fabric influence the fire properties. Finally, it is concluded that composites reinforced with linen fabric have the best mechanical properties, but banana nonwoven with 60% additive has the best fire behaviour.

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“…OPs are classified into five groups and comprises of thirteen distinct types based on the anti-acetylcholinesterase enzyme (anti-AChE) activity derived from phosphoric and phosphinic functional groups [1]. These includes OP pesticides (OPPs) [2], nerve agents [3], OP-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP) [4], OP-induced intermediate syndrome (OPIMS) [5], and OP flame retardants (OPFRs) [6]. OPs have been used in different applications ranging from agricultural to household insect control.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the cytotoxic and mutagenic potential of dichlorvos (DDVP) using in silico classification model; a health hazard awareness in Nigeria

Abaukaka

Sanusi

Abdullahi

et al. 2020

Environ Anal Health Toxicol

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Dichlorvos (DDVP) has been abused in Nigeria for suicide attempts, topical applications to treat an ectoparasitic infestation, and indiscriminate use on farm produce. Exposure to this compound in subacute concentration can cause toxicity in different tissues by alteration of the cellular antioxidative defence mechanism. This analysis is aimed at the systematic profiling of DDVP to assess its cytotoxic and mutagenic potential for human vulnerability using an in silico classification model. DDVP was grouped into categories of analogue chemical compounds generated from inventories based on structural alerts that measure the biological effects on cell lines and animal models using the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model. The cytotoxic and mutagenic potential of DDVP was assessed by analyzing target endpoints like skin sensitization, oral/inhalation toxicity, neurotoxicity and mutagenicity. DDVP shows moderate sensitization potential that can induce skin irritation during prolonged exposure because of the presence of dichlorovenyl side-chain that interacts with cellular proteins and causes degradation. 50% lethal dose (LD 50 ) of DDVP per body weight was determined to be 26.2 mg/kg in a rat model at 95% confidence range for acute oral toxicity, and 14.4 mmol/L was estimated as 50% lethal concentration (LC 50 ) in the atmosphere due to acute inhalation toxicity. DDVP can also inhibit acetylcholinesterase in the nervous system to produce nicotinic and muscarinic symptoms like nausea, vomiting, lacrimation, salivation, bradycardia, and respiratory failure may cause death. The widely used pesticide causes weak DNA methylation which can repress gene transcription on promoter sites. DDVP is volatile so it can cause oral and inhalation toxicity coupled with neurotoxicity during prolonged exposure. Serum cholinesterase blood tests should be encouraged in federal and state hospitals to investigate related health challenges as DDVP is still used in Nigeria.

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Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs): A review on analytical methods and occurrence in wastewater and aquatic environment

Cited by 268 publications

References 67 publications

First determination of high levels of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in dolphins from Southern European waters

First determination of high levels of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in dolphins from Southern European waters

Study and fire test of banana fibre reinforced composites with flame retardance properties

Assessment of the cytotoxic and mutagenic potential of dichlorvos (DDVP) using in silico classification model; a health hazard awareness in Nigeria

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