Organophosphorus Pesticides as Modulating Substances of Inflammation through the Cholinergic Pathway

Camacho-Pérez, Milton Rafael; Covantes-Rosales, Carlos Eduardo; Toledo-Ibarra, Gladys Alejandra; Mercado-Salgado, Ulises; Ponce-Regalado, María Dolores; Díaz-Reséndiz, Karina Janice Guadalupe; Perez, Manuel Ivan Giron

doi:10.3390/ijms23094523

Cited by 35 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 152 publications

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“…The most harmful mechanisms of Ops, such as DZN, our intervention in the oxidative stress and cholinergic signalling pathways and, consequently, the manifestation of the diseases 10 , 22 . Organophosphates such as DZN increase the molecular metabolites of oxidative stress inside the cells of vital organs such as the heart, liver, and lungs and cause severe chronic damage 23 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential protective effects of chrysin against immunotoxicity induced by diazinon

Zeinali

Shafaei

Rafatpanah

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Acute intoxication with diazinon (DZN) as a pesticide causes mortality and morbidity annually. This study shows the impact of sub-acute toxicity of DZN 20 mg/kg and the protective activities of chrysin (CH) as a flavone under the flavonoids family (12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg) were assessed on BALB/c mouse immune system. The changes in morphological and functional properties of the immune system on thymus, spleen and liver histopathology, sub-populations of T lymphocytes, cytokines levels, transcription factors, complement function, phagocytosis, specific and total antibody productions were considered. The histopathological effects of DZN on the spleen and thymus were not significant, but the liver was damaged remarkably. In the presence of CH, the toxic effect of DZN is suppressed. DZN significantly decreased the number of whole blood TCD4 + , TCD8 + and NK cells and suppressed the phagocytosis, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to sheep red blood cell (SRBC). Furthermore, it suppressed specific anti-SRBC-Ab, total IgG and IgM production, T-bet expression, and IFN-γ production. In contrast, DZN did not significantly affect complement function and the number of NK cells, TCD4 + and TCD8 + splenocytes. However, it potentiated the expression of GATA-3 , ROR-γt and FOXP3 gene expression and consequently produced IL-4, IL-10, IL-17 and TGF-β in whole blood. CH not only significantly increased the variables mentioned above at 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg but also could overcome the toxic effects of DZN on whole blood lymphocyte sub-populations and specific and total Ab production in 25 and 50 mg/kg concentrations, phagocytosis and DTH responses in 50 mg/kg, and modulation of the transcription factors and cytokine production, mainly in 25 and 50 mg/kg. In conclusion, DZN in sub-acute doses could remarkably deteriorate immune responses. However, CH can overcome the toxic effects of DZN on the immune components and functions of the immune system.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential protective effects of chrysin against immunotoxicity induced by diazinon

Zeinali

Shafaei

Rafatpanah

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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“…OPs in T cells, microglia/macrophages, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neuron in the CNS of MS patients reduces Nrf2 and increases NF-kB, and may promote the release of inflammatory cytokines. One of the most important effect of OPs is the inhibition of AChE, causing accumulation of acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses with excessive activation of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors and over-stimulation of cholinergic neurons, and also the production of cytokines and other pro-inflammatory molecules ( Camacho-Pérez et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Pesticides and Multiple Sclerosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Medicinal herbs and multiple sclerosis: Overview on the hard balance between new therapeutic strategy and occupational health risk

Costantini

Masciarelli²,

Casorri³

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by demyelination and axonal loss of the central nervous system (CNS). Despite its spread throughout the world, the mechanisms that determine its onset are still to be defined. Immunological, genetic, viral, and environmental factors and exposure to chemicals may trigger MS. Many studies have highlighted the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of medicinal herbs, which make them a natural and complementary treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. A severe reduction of several MS symptoms occurs with herbal therapy. Thus, the request for medicinal plants with potential beneficial effects, for MS patients, is constantly increasing. Consequently, a production increase needs. Unfortunately, many medicinal herbs were untested and their action mechanism, possible adverse effects, contraindications, or interactions with other drugs, are poorly or not investigated. Keeping in mind the pathological mechanisms of MS and the oxidative damages and mitochondrial dysfunctions induced by pesticides, it is important to understand if pesticides used to increase agricultural productivity and their residues in medicinal plants, may increase the risk of developing MS in both workers and consumers. Studies providing some indication about the relationship between environmental exposure to pesticides and MS disease incidence are few, fragmentary, and discordant. The aim of this article is to provide a glance at the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants and at the risk for MS onset of pesticides used by medicinal plant growers and present in medicinal herbs.

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“…Although OPs have been used to control pests for more than 50 years [ 5 ], the use of OPs has increased considerably since the banning of organochlorine pesticides, because OPs have limited persistence in the environment and pose a lower risk to human health compared to organochlorines; however, excessive use, poor storage, transport, application, and disposal of residues pose a latent risk of affecting non-target organisms [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]. OPs are incorporated into organisms by three routes of exposure: oral, respiratory, and dermal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organophosphate-Pesticide-Mediated Immune Response Modulation in Invertebrates and Vertebrates

Bernal-González

Covantes-Rosales

Camacho-Pérez

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Organophosphate pesticides (OPs) have greatly facilitated food production worldwide, and their use is not limited to agriculture and the control of pests and disease vectors. However, these substances can directly affect the immune response of non-target organisms. In this sense, exposure to OPs can have negative effects on innate and adaptive immunity, promoting deregulation in humoral and cellular processes such as phagocytosis, cytokine expression, antibody production, cell proliferation, and differentiation, which are crucial mechanisms for host defense against external agents. This review focuses on the scientific evidence of exposure to OPs and their toxic effects on the immune system of non-target organisms (invertebrates and vertebrates) from a descriptive perspective of the immuno-toxic mechanisms associated with susceptibility to the development of bacterial, viral, and fungal infectious diseases. During the exhaustive review, we found that there is an important gap in the study of non-target organisms, examples of which are echinoderms and chondrichthyans. It is therefore important to increase the number of studies on other species directly or indirectly affected by Ops, to assess the degree of impact at the individual level and how this affects higher levels, such as populations and ecosystems.

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Organophosphorus Pesticides as Modulating Substances of Inflammation through the Cholinergic Pathway

Cited by 35 publications

References 152 publications

Potential protective effects of chrysin against immunotoxicity induced by diazinon

Potential protective effects of chrysin against immunotoxicity induced by diazinon

Medicinal herbs and multiple sclerosis: Overview on the hard balance between new therapeutic strategy and occupational health risk

Organophosphate-Pesticide-Mediated Immune Response Modulation in Invertebrates and Vertebrates

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