Oriental Theileriosis

Yam, Jerald; Bogema, Daniel R.; Jenkins, Cheryl

doi:10.5772/intechopen.81198

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 159 publications

(255 reference statements)

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“…The use of variable piroplasm surface proteins to develop a subunit vaccine against T. orientalis has had no success to date, and progress for this approach has been negligible over the years. Globally, there is no suitable vaccine against T. orientalis complex infection in cattle to date [ 164 , 165 ]. This is because of the difficulty of extracting pure isolates for studies, as the benign form of the disease is caused by more than one genotype of T. orientalis and there is a low parasitaemia [ 166 ].…”

Section: Immunization Against Bovine Theileriosis and Advanced Vacmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Pathology, Immunopathology and Advanced Vaccine Technology in Bovine Theileriosis: A Review

et al. 2020

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Theileriosis is a blood piroplasmic disease that adversely affects the livestock industry, especially in tropical and sub-tropical countries. It is caused by haemoprotozoan of the Theileria genus, transmitted by hard ticks and which possesses a complex life cycle. The clinical course of the disease ranges from benign to lethal, but subclinical infections can occur depending on the infecting Theileria species. The main clinical and clinicopathological manifestations of acute disease include fever, lymphadenopathy, anorexia and severe loss of condition, conjunctivitis, and pale mucous membranes that are associated with Theileria-induced immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia and/or non-regenerative anaemia. Additionally, jaundice, increases in hepatic enzymes, and variable leukocyte count changes are seen. Theileria annulata and Theileria parva induce an incomplete transformation of lymphoid and myeloid cell lineages, and these cells possess certain phenotypes of cancer cells. Pathogenic genotypes of Theileria orientalis have been recently associated with severe production losses in Southeast Asia and some parts of Europe. The infection and treatment method (ITM) is currently used in the control and prevention of T. parva infection, and recombinant vaccines are still under evaluation. The use of gene gun immunization against T. parva infection has been recently evaluated. This review, therefore, provides an overview of the clinicopathological and immunopathological profiles of Theileria-infected cattle and focus on DNA vaccines consisting of plasmid DNA with genes of interest, molecular adjuvants, and chitosan as the most promising next-generation vaccine against bovine theileriosis.

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Section: Immunization Against Bovine Theileriosis and Advanced Vacmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Pathology, Immunopathology and Advanced Vaccine Technology in Bovine Theileriosis: A Review

et al. 2020

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“…ticks are the vectors for A. marginale. 14 While Dermacentor nuttali ticks have been shown to transmit some genotypes of T. orientalis in some parts of the world, 15 there is no evidence that they are competent vectors for the ikeda genotype specifically. Similarly, H. longicornis , the primary tick vector of T. orientalis ikeda globally, is not a competent vector for A. marginale.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, H. longicornis , the primary tick vector of T. orientalis ikeda globally, is not a competent vector for A. marginale. 15…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-Infection of cattle in Virginia withTheileria orientalis ikedagenotype andAnaplasma marginale

Oakes¹,

Todd

Carbonello

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Theileria orientalis ikeda is a newly identified agent of bovine infectious anemia in the United States. Although it is transmitted by separate tick hosts than Anaplasma marginale - a bacterial etiology of bovine infectious anemia -the geographic distributions of these two infectious organisms overlap, with co-infection reported in some cattle. Only anaplasmosis has approved effective treatment in the United States. To provide rapid diagnostic information for producers with anemic animals, we developed a duplex qPCR for A. marginale and T. orientalis. With a cut-off of 38 cycles, the duplex assay has a sensitivity of 96.97% and a specificity of 100% for A. marginale; with a cut-off of 45 cycles, the duplex assay has a sensitivity and a specificity of 100% for T. orientalis. In addition to providing a tool for improved clinical decision-making for veterinarians and producers, this qPCR facilitates the study of co-infection rate of cattle in Virginia. Of 1,359 blood samples analyzed, 174 were positive for the presence of T. orientalis, 125 were positive for the presence of A. marginale, and 12 samples were positive for both T. orientalis and A. marginale. This indicated that co-infection of both of these etiologies of bovine infectious anemia does occur within the state of Virginia. It is likely that this pattern of infection will be seen in regions where T. orientalis and A. marginale are endemic, despite the difference in tick vectors.

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“…9 Within the complex, the Ikeda and Chitose genotypes ( T. orientalis Ikeda and T. orientalis Chitose, respectively) are capable of causing disease, and have been associated with outbreaks of anemia in Australia, New Zealand, and Japan. 9,11,13,18 T. orientalis Ikeda in particular is increasingly implicated as a causative agent of bovine infectious anemia in the United States, a vector-borne disease characterized by hemolytic anemia, icterus, general malaise, ill thrift, and sporadic abortions. 9,11,12 Although rarely fatal, affected animals are often poorly producing; consequently, this is a disease of economic importance in the countries in which it is found.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…T. orientalis is transmitted most effectively by the Ixodidae tick Haemaphysalis longicornis , 10,18 a tick that has recently been discovered in several states along the U.S. Eastern Seaboard. 16 T. orientalis Ikeda has recently been identified in cattle in Virginia, affecting animals that were also parasitized with H. longicornis ticks 12 ; this tick has been confirmed as a competent vector in Virginia for T. orientalis Ikeda.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Coinfection of cattle in Virginia with Theileria orientalis Ikeda genotype and Anaplasma marginale

et al. 2021

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Theileria orientalis Ikeda is a newly identified agent of bovine infectious anemia in the United States. Although T. orientalis Ikeda is transmitted by ticks other than the tick that transmits Anaplasma marginale—a bacterial etiology of bovine infectious anemia—the geographic distributions of these 2 infectious organisms overlap, with coinfection reported in some cattle. Only anaplasmosis has an approved effective treatment in the United States. To provide rapid diagnostic information for producers with anemic animals, we developed a duplex real-time PCR (rtPCR) for A. marginale and T. orientalis. With a cutoff of 38 cycles, the duplex assay has a sensitivity of 97.0% and a specificity of 100% for A. marginale; with a cutoff of 45 cycles, the duplex assay has a sensitivity and a specificity of 100% for T. orientalis, compared to existing tests. In addition to providing a tool for improved clinical decision-making for veterinarians and producers, our rtPCR facilitates the study of coinfection of cattle in Virginia. Of 1,359 blood samples analyzed, 174 were positive for T. orientalis, 125 were positive for A. marginale, and 12 samples were positive for both T. orientalis and A. marginale. Hence, coinfection by these 2 agents of bovine infectious anemia does occur within Virginia. It is likely that this pattern of infection will be seen in other regions where T. orientalis and A. marginale infections are endemic, despite the difference in tick vectors.

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Oriental Theileriosis

Cited by 13 publications

References 159 publications

Clinical Pathology, Immunopathology and Advanced Vaccine Technology in Bovine Theileriosis: A Review

Clinical Pathology, Immunopathology and Advanced Vaccine Technology in Bovine Theileriosis: A Review

Co-Infection of cattle in Virginia withTheileria orientalis ikedagenotype andAnaplasma marginale

Coinfection of cattle in Virginia with Theileria orientalis Ikeda genotype and Anaplasma marginale

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