Orientation-contingent tactual size aftereffects

Two new contingent aftereffects: Perceived auditory duration contingent on pitch and on temporal order

“…Adapting a set of such double-duty detectors to a low tone of long duration would produce a negative aftereffect in the perceived dura tion of a low test tone of intermediate length. Similar mechanisms have been proposed to account for simple aftereffects (Osgood & Heyer, 1952;Sekuler & Pantle, 1967) and have been extended to other contingent aftereffects as weIl (Skowbo et al , 1975;Walker, 1977). If there are auditory duration detectors that are also sensitive to the temporal order of tones in a sequence, then the preceding model can be extended to account for the order-contingent aftereffect of perceived duration.…”

“…Judgments of equality were permitted. Similar magnitude-estirnation procedures have been used in other studies of contingent aftereffects (Walker, 1977(Walker, , 1978Walker & Shea, 1974). The subject was given 10 sec in which to judge the test tones.…”

“…In a classical conditioning model of the McCollough effect, orientation can be considered a conditioned stimulus and color an unconditioned stimulus. After pairing the horizontal orientation with the color red, for example, a traditional interpretation of classical conditioning would predict a red aftereffect in a horizontal achromatic test grating-but such a grating elicits a green aftereffect, essentially the complement of the red unconditioned stimulus (Walker, 1977). Proponents of the conditioning model argue that the unconditioned response to a red stimulus is the fatigue of a red process, but surely another unconditioned response to that stimulus is the perception of red.…”

“…Numerous contingent aftereffects occur in the visual modality involving such sensory dimensions as color, orientation, visual texture, and motion (for example, Favreau, Emerson, & Corballis, 1972;Held & Shattuck, 1971;Hepler, 1968;Leppmann, 1973;Skowbo, Timney, Gentry, & Morant, 1975;Walker, 1972). A few contingent aftereffects have been demonstrated in the tactual-kinesthetic modality involving the dimensions of length, width, and orientation (Walker, 1977(Walker, , 1978Walker & Shea, 1974). In every contingent aftereffect, during the inspection period, two levels on one sensory dimension are paired with two levels on another; subsequently, the perceived location of a test stimulus on one sensory dimension is contingent on its location on the other.…”

Simple and contingent aftereffects of perceived duration in vision and audition

“…However, the conditioned color response elicited by each orientation of the achromatic test grating is essentially the complement of the color paired with that orientation during the inspection period. Thus, there is a difficulty in applying a classical conditioning model to the McCollough effect or to any contingent aftereffect, as some of the present writers have argued earlier (Walker, 1977;Walker & Irion, 1979).…”