Oriented and low‐density tin dioxide film by sol–gel mineralizing tin‐contained hydroxypropyl cellulose lyotropic liquid crystal for laser‐induced extreme ultraviolet emission

Abstract

A series of tin‐doped hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) lyotropic liquid crystal (LC) was synthesized using a simple process and their properties were characterized using selective reflection, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), and the band texture observed under polarized optical microscope. The present preparation is applicable for mass production using large substrate with low cost HPC. A cholesteric lyotropic LC phase was observed for the hybrid solution with higher than 40 wt % HPC. After sol–gel condensation, the HPC‐Sn hybrid LC films were calcined at 400 °C and the as‐prepared product was determined to obtain tin dioxide (SnO2) which was characterized using WAXD. The iridescent color and ∼2 nm structure seen after the condensation disappeared in the as‐prepared SnO2. Scanning electronic microscope images of the SnO2 showed that the HPC content in the HPC‐Sn hybrid played an important role in controlling the SnO2 morphology. A spectrum of relatively monochromatic extreme ultraviolet (13.5 nm) emission was measured in the as‐prepared SnO2 in comparison with bulk tin and inverse opal SnO2. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4566–4576, 2009

Cellulose Nanocrystal-Templated Tin Dioxide Thin Films for Gas Sensing

“…For example, tubular structures have been fabricated by coating cotton fibers with tin oxide precursor for Li-ion storage and gas sensing. − Tin tetrachloride sol–gel chemistry was combined with lyotropic liquid crystals of ethyl-cyanoethyl cellulose . In another work, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) was mixed with tin tetrachloride to obtain tin-doped HPC liquid crystals . Regenerated cellulose was coated with a thin SnO 2 layer via liquid-phase deposition to create flexible hybrid nanocomposites .…”

“…17 In another work, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) was mixed with tin tetrachloride to obtain tin-doped HPC liquid crystals. 18 Regenerated cellulose was coated with a thin SnO 2 layer via liquidphase deposition to create flexible hybrid nanocomposites. 19 Furthermore, 3D hierarchical porous structures of tin dioxide were prepared by templating with biological pollen coats and grapefruit exocarp.…”

Electrochemically Synthesized Tin/Lithium Alloy To Convert Laser Light to Extreme Ultraviolet Light

“…EUV lithography is at the stage of test for mass production manufacturing a feature size of sub-10 nm. , The light source of 13.5 nm is one of the critical issues for practical EUV lithography. The most promising EUV source is based on laser-produced plasmas (LPPs) from tin droplets with double pulse laser illumination. , The target choice of tin, − especially low-density tin, − is due to the highest conversion efficiency (CE) from laser light to EUV. − This is attributed to the unresolved transition array (UTA) arising from Sn 8+ to Sn 21+ 4d–4f transitions . The double pulse scheme controls the plasma density to be 10 –18 atom/cm 3 and reduces the amount of debris.…”

Easy-handling minimum mass laser target scaffold based on sub-millimeter air bubble -An example of laser plasma extreme ultraviolet generation-

“…Synthesis of well-defined low density tin targets have a merit for supporting a wide range of materials consisting of various elements, exact shape, pore size, density etc [16][17][18][19][20] . Plasma generated from low density materials or nanostructured targets have a reduced opacity, increasing the CE as the plasma becomes less dense 6,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] . Moreover, the flexibility of materials science is exciting for quantum beam sources; the desired wavelength of light can be selected based on specific elements supported by a low density scaffold.…”