Orienting and Placing

Schallert, Tim; Woodlee, Martin T.

doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195162851.003.0012

Cited by 65 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…This test has been previously shown to be a sensitive assessment of somatosensory and attentional deficits following injury to the frontal lobes and has been described in detail (Schallert et al, 2000, Hoane et al, 2003, Schallert and Woodlee, 2005, Hoane et al, 2006c, Hoane et al, 2007. A slightly modified version of this task was used in this experiment.…”

Section: Bilateral Tactile Adhesive Removal Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nicotinamide treatment induces behavioral recovery when administered up to 4 hours following cortical contusion injury in the rat

Hoane¹,

Pierce²,

Holland³

et al. 2008

Neuroscience

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Recent studies have demonstrated nicotinamide (NAM), a soluble B-group vitamin, to be an effective treatment in experimental models of TBI. However, research on this compound has been limited to administration regimens starting shortly after injury. This study was conducted to establish the window of opportunity for NAM administration following controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury to the frontal cortex. Groups of rats were assigned to NAM (50 mg/kg), saline (1 ml/kg), or sham conditions and received contusion injuries or sham procedures. Injections of NAM or saline were administered at 15 min, 4 hrs, or 8 hrs post-injury, followed by five boosters at 24 hr intervals. Following the last injection, blood was taken for serum NAM analysis. Animals were tested on a variety of tasks to assess somatosensory performance (bilateral tactile adhesive removal and vibrissae-forelimb placement) and cognitive performance (reference and working memory) in the Morris water maze. The results of the serum NAM analysis showed that NAM levels were significantly elevated in treated animals. Behavioral analysis on the tactile removal test showed that all NAM-treated groups facilitated recovery of function compared to saline treatment. On the vibrissae-forelimb placing test all NAM-treated groups also were significantly different from the saline-treated group. However, the acquisition of reference memory was only significantly improved in the 15-min and 4-hr groups. In the working memory task both the 15-min and 4-hr groups also improved working memory compared to saline treatment. The window of opportunity for NAM treatment is task-dependent and extends to 8 hrs for the sensorimotor tests but only extends to 4 hrs post-injury in the cognitive tests. These results suggest that a 50 mg/kg treatment regimen starting at the clinically relevant time point of 4 hrs may result in attenuated injury severity in the human TBI population.

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Section: Bilateral Tactile Adhesive Removal Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nicotinamide treatment induces behavioral recovery when administered up to 4 hours following cortical contusion injury in the rat

Hoane¹,

Pierce²,

Holland³

et al. 2008

Neuroscience

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“…The number of wall contacts made using the ipsilateral (unimpaired), the contralateral (impaired), and both (simultaneously) limbs is recorded, and an asymmetry score calculated as the number of "ipsi" observations plus 1/2 the number of "both" observations, divided by the total number of observations (ipsi plus contra plus both). In this overall asymmetry percentage score, 50% indicates an animal that explores symmetrically with both limbs, higher scores (>50%) indicate a greater reliance on the ipsilateral limb, and lower scores (<50%) indicate a greater reliance on the contralateral limb (see Schallert and Woodlee, 2005 for more details and tips on performing the test). On each day of testing we recorded 20 limb uses; the time required to generate this number of observations varied from animal to animal.…”

Section: Limb-use Asymmetry ("Cylinder") Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced function in the good forelimb of hemi-parkinson rats: Compensatory adaptation for contralateral postural instability?

Woodlee

Kane

Chang

et al. 2008

Experimental Neurology

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In this paper we present two new assays of rat motor behavior which can be used to assess function linked to postural stability in each forelimb independently. Postural instability is a major deficit in Parkinson's disease that is resistant to levodopa therapy and contributes to the risk of falling. We applied both tests, one forelimb at a time, to normal rats as well as rats extensively depleted of dopamine by unilateral infusion of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, given in the medial forebrain bundle) to produce a hemi-parkinsonian syndrome. The 6-OHDA rats showed severe postural instability in the impaired forelimb, but unexpectedly showed enhanced function in the non-impaired forelimb. The data suggest that the intact hemisphere may undergo rapid reorganization subsequent to unilateral dopamine depletion, which allows for compensatory function of the "intact" limb. Measurements of amphetamine-induced striatal c-fos expression, as well as behavior results gathered when animals were under the influence of apomorphine or haloperidol, indicate that this potential reorganization may require non-dopaminergic neural plasticity. The relevance of these findings for unilateral rat models of neurological disease is discussed.

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“…This test measures sensorimotor integration and has also been described in great detail [5,12,13,25]. Animals were tested on post-transplant days 2, 4, 6, 10, 14, 21, 28, and 35.…”

Section: Vibrissae-forelimb Placing Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This task measures somatosensory dysfunction following injury and is a sensitive measure of limb use asymmetry following unilateral brain injury and stroke [16,17,25]. Animals were tested on post-transplantation days 5 and 12.…”

Section: Limb Use Asymmetry Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For this task, an animal was placed in a square glass observation chamber (25 cm × 25 cm × 25 cm) and allowed to explore for 5 min while being videotaped. During exploration of the chamber animals will rear, pressing one or both forepaws against the vertical surface [25]. Intact animals will use their forelimbs (right vs. left) equally, and do not show a limb use asymmetry.…”

Section: Limb Use Asymmetry Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transplantation of GABAergic neurons but not astrocytes induces recovery of sensorimotor function in the traumatically injured brain

Becerra

Tatko

Pak

et al. 2007

Behavioural Brain Research

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells have been investigated in many animal models of injury and disease. However, few studies have examined the ability of pre-differentiated ES cells to improve functional outcome following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of murine ES cells that were pre-differentiated into GABAergic neurons or astrocytes on functional recovery following TBI. Neural and astrocyte induction was achieved by co-culturing ES cells on a bone marrow stromal fibroblast (M2-10B4) feeder layer and incubating them with various mitogenic factors. Rats were initially prepared with a unilateral controlled cortical contusion injury of the sensorimotor cortex or sham procedure. Rats were transplanted 7 days following injury with ∼100K GABAergic neurons, astrocytes, fibroblasts, or media. Animals were assessed on a battery of sensorimotor tasks following transplantation. The stromal fibroblast cells (M2-10B4), as a control cell line, did not differ significantly from media infusions. Transplantation of GABAergic neurons facilitated complete and total recovery on the vibrissae-forelimb placing test as opposed to all other groups, which failed to show any recovery. It was also found that GABAergic neurons reduced the magnitude of the initial impairment on the limb use test. Histological analysis revealed infiltration of host brain with transplanted neurons and astrocytes. The results of the present study suggest that transplantation of pre-differentiated GABAergic neurons significantly induces recovery of sensorimotor function; whereas, astrocytes do not.

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Orienting and Placing

Cited by 65 publications

References 15 publications

Nicotinamide treatment induces behavioral recovery when administered up to 4 hours following cortical contusion injury in the rat

Nicotinamide treatment induces behavioral recovery when administered up to 4 hours following cortical contusion injury in the rat

Enhanced function in the good forelimb of hemi-parkinson rats: Compensatory adaptation for contralateral postural instability?

Transplantation of GABAergic neurons but not astrocytes induces recovery of sensorimotor function in the traumatically injured brain

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