Orienting safety assurance with outcomes of hazard analysis and risk assessment: A review of the ISO 15066 standard for collaborative robot systems

Chemweno, Peter; Pintelon, Liliane; Decré, Wilm

doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104832

Cited by 61 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…However, future work is still required to ensure an extensive comparison using real experimental setup. Chemweno et al reviewed the ISO 15066 and ISO 10218 standards for collaborative robots systems and explored its gaps [226]. As a result, a framework based on the ISO 31000 for orienting design safeguards for collaborative robots to ensure a proper hazard, safety assurance, analysis and risk assessment.…”

Section: Qualitative Risk Assessment Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Robotics cyber security: vulnerabilities, attacks, countermeasures, and recommendations

Yaacoub

Noura

Salman

et al. 2021

Int. J. Inf. Secur.

140

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The recent digital revolution led robots to become integrated more than ever into different domains such as agricultural, medical, industrial, military, police (law enforcement), and logistics. Robots are devoted to serve, facilitate, and enhance the human life. However, many incidents have been occurring, leading to serious injuries and devastating impacts such as the unnecessary loss of human lives. Unintended accidents will always take place, but the ones caused by malicious attacks represent a very challenging issue. This includes maliciously hijacking and controlling robots and causing serious economic and financial losses. This paper reviews the main security vulnerabilities, threats, risks, and their impacts, and the main security attacks within the robotics domain. In this context, different approaches and recommendations are presented in order to enhance and improve the security level of robotic systems such as multi-factor device/user authentication schemes, in addition to multi-factor cryptographic algorithms. We also review the recently presented security solutions for robotic systems.

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Section: Qualitative Risk Assessment Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Robotics cyber security: vulnerabilities, attacks, countermeasures, and recommendations

Yaacoub

Noura

Salman

et al. 2021

Int. J. Inf. Secur.

140

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…As previously mentioned, the broad definition of safety has traditionally focused on physical interaction as the focal point of hazard analysis and risk assessment. Only more recently are psychosocial influences on the safety of, especially, collaborative robots gaining more prominence (Chemweno et al, 2020). These include psychosocial influences linked to factors within a collaborative work environment such as high-job demand or nervousness working closely with a robotic agent that, in turn, triggers stressors such as fatigue, fear, or cognitive inattention (Riley, 2015).…”

Section: Psychosocial and Ethical Considerations For The Design Of Robot Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Often, these stressors likely create pathways that would lead to unsafe interaction with a robotic agent. Owing to the more recent recognition of psychosocial influences on safe work collaboration with robots, researchers have attempted to integrate implicit design features that mitigate stressors such as fear/nervousness when sharing a workspace with a robot (Chemweno et al, 2020). These features are more prominent for designs of social robots, by co-opting humanoid-like features to create confidence while interacting with the robot (Robinson, et al, 2019).…”

Section: Psychosocial and Ethical Considerations For The Design Of Robot Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additional psychosocial factors that influence safety when interacting with robots include the ergonomic design of the workspace and task design to consider the operator's cognitive load (Chemweno et al, 2020). For instance, more recent research suggests that performing repetitive tasks and those requiring high cognitive capabilities such as complex assembly of a mechanical device often impedes the operator's attention, creating a hazard pathway in shared collaborative workspaces (Bao et al, 2016).…”

Section: Psychosocial and Ethical Considerations For The Design Of Robot Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Redefining Safety in Light of Human-Robot Interaction: A Critical Review of Current Standards and Regulations

et al. 2021

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Policymakers need to consider the impacts that robots and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have on humans beyond physical safety. Traditionally, the definition of safety has been interpreted to exclusively apply to risks that have a physical impact on persons’ safety, such as, among others, mechanical or chemical risks. However, the current understanding is that the integration of AI in cyber-physical systems such as robots, thus increasing interconnectivity with several devices and cloud services, and influencing the growing human-robot interaction challenges how safety is currently conceptualised rather narrowly. Thus, to address safety comprehensively, AI demands a broader understanding of safety, extending beyond physical interaction, but covering aspects such as cybersecurity, and mental health. Moreover, the expanding use of machine learning techniques will more frequently demand evolving safety mechanisms to safeguard the substantial modifications taking place over time as robots embed more AI features. In this sense, our contribution brings forward the different dimensions of the concept of safety, including interaction (physical and social), psychosocial, cybersecurity, temporal, and societal. These dimensions aim to help policy and standard makers redefine the concept of safety in light of robots and AI’s increasing capabilities, including human-robot interactions, cybersecurity, and machine learning.

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“…The inherent flexibility and softness of robot skin may increase the safety level of host cobots in collaborations by absorbing collision energy through deformation, while rigid materials and structures cause serious injuries to humans upon physical collisions [47]. Several external stimuli, such as proximity and contact force, perceived by robot skin are the fundamental data to analyze hazards and assess risks, thereby fast triggering safety reaction strategies for avoiding unexpected collisions and keeping the injury risk within safe levels during HRC [48]. Robot skin embedded with actuators to control its stiffness can reduce the peak collision force by altering its stiffness according to the proximity parameters from the approaching human peers in dynamic environments, thereby limiting the injury once a collision occurs [26].…”

Section: B Desired Contributions To the Demanded Features 1) Improved Safety For Safe Collaborationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Robot Skin: A Potential Enabler for Safe Collaboration, Immersive Teleoperation, and Affective Interaction of Future Collaborative Robots

Pang

Yang

Pang

2021

IEEE Trans. Med. Robot. Bionics

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The emerging applications of collaborative robots (cobots) are spilling out from product manufactories to service industries for human care, such as patient care for combating the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and in-home care for coping with the aging society. There are urgent demands on equipping cobots with safe collaboration, immersive teleoperation, affective interaction, and other features (e.g., energy autonomy and self-learning) to make cobots capable of these application scenarios. Robot skin, as a potential enabler, is able to boost the development of cobots to address these distinguishing features from the perspective of multimodal sensing and self-contained actuation. This review introduces the potential applications of cobots for human care together with those demanded features. In addition, the explicit roles of robot skin in satisfying the escalating demands of those features on inherent safety, sensory feedback, natural interaction, and energy autonomy are analyzed. Furthermore, a comprehensive review of the recent progress in functionalized robot skin in components level, including proximity, pressure, temperature, sensory feedback, and stiffness tuning, is presented. Results show that the codesign of these sensing and actuation functionalities may enable robot skin to provide improved safety, intuitive feedback, and natural interfaces for future cobots in human care applications. Finally, open challenges and future directions in the real implementation of robot skin and its system synthesis are presented and discussed.

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Orienting safety assurance with outcomes of hazard analysis and risk assessment: A review of the ISO 15066 standard for collaborative robot systems

Cited by 61 publications

References 76 publications

Robotics cyber security: vulnerabilities, attacks, countermeasures, and recommendations

Robotics cyber security: vulnerabilities, attacks, countermeasures, and recommendations

Redefining Safety in Light of Human-Robot Interaction: A Critical Review of Current Standards and Regulations

Review of Robot Skin: A Potential Enabler for Safe Collaboration, Immersive Teleoperation, and Affective Interaction of Future Collaborative Robots

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