“…Associated with this hyostylic condition in sturgeons, the musculature of the mandibular and hyoid arch is also derived compared to other actinopterygians (Arratia & Schultze, 1991; Warth, Hilton, Naumann, Olsson, & Konstantinidis, 2017), yet secondarily simplified (Edgeworth, 1935) by developmental truncation. Paedomorphosis, a heterochronic shift resulting in delayed onset of development and early truncation of musculoskeletal differentiation, is thought to play a major role in establishing this morphological condition in sturgeons (Bemis, Findeis, & Grande, 1997; Tsessarsky, 2020, 2022; Warth et al, 2017, 2018).…”