Origin of graphite, and temperature of metamorphism in Precambrian Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt, Orissa, India: A carbon isotope approach

Sanyal, Prasanta; Acharya, B. C.; Bhattacharya, S. K.; Sarkar, Anindya; Agrawal, Shailesh; Bera, Melinda Kumar

doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2009.06.008

Cited by 25 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Vein graphite (VG), also known as crystalline graphite, is a naturally occurring form of pyrolytic carbon (solid carbon deposited from a fluid phase). − It has the highest degree of crystalline perfection, − thermal and electrical conductivities, and cohesive energy of all natural graphite materials . Vein graphite is probably the most difficult form of all natural graphite material to describe geologically, and many theoretical approaches have been made to understand its origin. ,, As the name suggests, it is a true vein mineral as opposed to a seam mineral (amorphous graphite) or a mineral that is disseminated throughout the ore rock (as in flake graphite (FG)) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Assembled Multilayer Graphene Oxide Membrane and Carbon Nanotubes Synthesized Using a Rare Form of Natural Graphite

et al. 2013

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The fabrication of flexible multilayer graphene oxide (GO) membrane and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using a rare form of high-purity natural graphite, vein graphite, is reported for the first time. Graphite oxide is synthesized using vein graphite following Hummer's method. By facilitating functionalized graphene sheets in graphite oxide to selfassemble, a multilayer GO membrane is fabricated. Electric arc discharge is used to synthesis CNTs from vein graphite. Both multilayer GO membrane and CNTs are investigated using microscopy and spectroscopy experiments, i.e., scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), core level photoelectron spectroscopy, and C K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (NEXAFS), to characterize their structural and topographical properties. Characterization of vein graphite using different techniques reveals that it has a large number of crystallites, hence the large number of graphene sheets per crystallite, preferentially oriented along the (002) plane. NEXAFS and core level spectra confirm that vein graphite is highly crystalline and pure. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and C 1s core level spectra show that oxygen functionalities (−C−OH, −CO,−C− O−C−) are introduced into the basal plane of graphite following chemical oxidation. Carbon nanotubes are produced from vein graphite through arc discharge without the use of any catalyst. HRTEM confirm that multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNTs) are produced with the presence of some structure in the central pipe. A small percentage of single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) are also produced simultaneously with MWNTs. Spectroscopic and microscopic data are further discussed here with a view to using vein graphite as the source material for the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Assembled Multilayer Graphene Oxide Membrane and Carbon Nanotubes Synthesized Using a Rare Form of Natural Graphite

et al. 2013

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“…The origin of graphite in a low temperature condition may be explained in two ways. In nature, graphite can be formed in two processes, i.e., by metamorphic conditions (Landis 1971;Wada et al 1994;Sanyal et al 2009;Mishra and Bernhardt 2009) and by hydrothermal deposition from a highly carbonic rich fluid composition (Dissanayake 1981;Jedwab 1984;Craw 2002;Pitcairn et al 2005;Luque et al 2009). Graphite formation in a metamorphic terrain is considered to be a progressive temperature dependent transition from amorphous kerogen to crystalline graphite with the gradual crystallinity of the carbonaceous material (Landis 1971;Buseck and Bo-Jun Huang 1985;Wilson and Rucklidge 1987;Wilson and Zentilli 1999).…”

Section: Tc and Toc And Ftir Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Indicator’ carbonaceous phyllite/graphitic schist in the Archean Kundarkocha gold deposit, Singhbhum orogenic belt, eastern India: Implications for gold mineralization vis-a-vis organic matter

Sahoo

Venkatesh

2014

J Earth Syst Sci

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Carbonaceous rocks in the form of graphitic schist and carbonaceous phyllite are the major host rocks of the gold mineralization in Kundarkocha gold deposit of the Precambrian Singhbhum orogenic belt in eastern India. The detection of organic carbon, essentially in the carbonaceous phyllite and graphitized schist within the Precambrian terrain, is noted from this deposit. A very close relationship exists between gold mineralization and ubiquitous carbonaceous rocks containing organic carbon that seems to play a vital role in the deposition of gold in a Precambrian terrain in India and important metallogenetic implications for such type of deposits elsewhere. However, the role played by organic matter in a Precambrian gold deposit is debatable and the mechanism of precipitation of gold and other metals by organic carbon has been reported elsewhere. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results and total organic carbon (TOC) values suggest that at least part of the organic material acted as a possible source for the reduction that played a significant role in the precipitation of gold. Lithological, electron probe analysis (EPMA), fluid inclusions associated with gold mineralization, Total Carbon (TC), TOC and FTIR results suggest that the gold mineralization is spatially and genetically associated with graphitic schist, carbonaceous phyllite/shale that are constituted of immature organic carbon or kerogen. Nano-scale gold inclusions along with free milling gold are associated with sulfide mineral phases present within the carbonaceous host rocks as well as in mineralized quartz-carbonate veins. Deposition of gold could have been facilitated due to the organic redox reactions and the graphitic schist and carbonaceous phyllite zone may be considered as the indicator zone.

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“…There are numerous descriptions of graphitic metapelites and their phase relations (e.g. Ghent, ; Hollister & Burruss, ; Morikiyo, ; Pattison, , ; Wang, ; Garcia‐Casco & Torres‐Roldan, ; Cesare & Maineri, ; Cesare et al ., ; Sanyal et al ., ; Huizenga, ), as well as mineralogical studies that investigate the structural transformation of graphite in metapelite and correlate it to metamorphic grades and P–T paths (e.g. Wopenka & Pasteris, ; Beyssac et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase equilibria for graphitic metapelite including solution of CO₂ in melt and cordierite: implications for dehydration, partial melting and graphite precipitation

Chu

Ague

2013

Journal Metamorphic Geology

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When graphite is present, carbon-bearing species dissolve in the C-O-H fluid and lower the activity of water (a H2O ). Accordingly, metamorphic reactions that involve water, namely dehydration and partial melting reactions, adjust their P-T positions to accommodate the change of a H2O . In this modelling study, pseudosections are calculated for graphite-bearing systems that are either closed or that progressively lose fluid and/or melt. The diagrams incorporate a new model of CO 2 solubility in felsic melts that we derived to be compatible with a recently published melt model. As the result of the lowered a H 2 O in the carbon-bearing systems, the temperature displacements of the solidus can be as large as 50°C at low pressures in cordierite-bearing zones (<4 kbar), but are smaller than 15°C at midpressure P-T conditions (4-9 kbar). In the supersolidus region, the phase relations among silicate minerals + melt are very close to those in carbon-free systems. The fluid CO 2 content increases as temperature increases in the supersolidus assemblages. The CO 2 -rich fluid can be stable in granulite facies conditions in an oxidized system. In graphitic systems, melt and/or cordierite dominate the CO 2 budget of high-grade rocks. During cooling, the fluid that exsolves from such crystalizing melt is CO 2 -rich. In addition to the phase relations, the pseudosections presented in this study enable researchers to quantitatively investigate the evolution of phase modes, including graphite, along specific metamorphic P-T paths. At low pressures in the cordierite stability field, graphite is predicted to precipitate as the pressure increases or temperature decreases in the subsolidus assemblages, or temperature increases in the region of melt + fluid coexistence. On the other hand, the graphite abundance remains nearly constant along the mid-pressure P-T series, but the graphite mode in the supersolidus region may increase due to residual enrichment if the melt is extracted. The modelling results show that metamorphic processes in closed systems lead to only small changes in graphite mode (a few tenths of a per cent). This strongly suggests that open-system behaviours are required for large amounts of graphite deposition, including fluid infiltration and mixing or residual enrichment processes in high-grade rocks. In addition to P-T pseudosections, P/T-X O diagrams (X O = O/ (H + O) in the fluid) illustrate the thermodynamic features of internal buffering from another perspective, and explore the dependence of phase relations on the externally imposed redox state. If the system is equilibrated with CO 2 or CH 4 -rich infiltrating fluid, the temperature displacements of metamorphic reactions can be larger than 50°C, compared with carbon-free systems.Graphite is a widespread accessory phase in metamorphic rocks. It commonly forms as a result of decomposition of organic matter in their protoliths. There are numerous descriptions of graphitic metapelites and their phase relations (e.g.

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Origin of graphite, and temperature of metamorphism in Precambrian Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt, Orissa, India: A carbon isotope approach

Cited by 25 publications

References 47 publications

Self-Assembled Multilayer Graphene Oxide Membrane and Carbon Nanotubes Synthesized Using a Rare Form of Natural Graphite

Self-Assembled Multilayer Graphene Oxide Membrane and Carbon Nanotubes Synthesized Using a Rare Form of Natural Graphite

‘Indicator’ carbonaceous phyllite/graphitic schist in the Archean Kundarkocha gold deposit, Singhbhum orogenic belt, eastern India: Implications for gold mineralization vis-a-vis organic matter

Phase equilibria for graphitic metapelite including solution of CO₂ in melt and cordierite: implications for dehydration, partial melting and graphite precipitation

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Origin of graphite, and temperature of metamorphism in Precambrian Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt, Orissa, India: A carbon isotope approach

Cited by 25 publications

References 47 publications

Self-Assembled Multilayer Graphene Oxide Membrane and Carbon Nanotubes Synthesized Using a Rare Form of Natural Graphite

Self-Assembled Multilayer Graphene Oxide Membrane and Carbon Nanotubes Synthesized Using a Rare Form of Natural Graphite

‘Indicator’ carbonaceous phyllite/graphitic schist in the Archean Kundarkocha gold deposit, Singhbhum orogenic belt, eastern India: Implications for gold mineralization vis-a-vis organic matter

Phase equilibria for graphitic metapelite including solution of CO2 in melt and cordierite: implications for dehydration, partial melting and graphite precipitation

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Phase equilibria for graphitic metapelite including solution of CO₂ in melt and cordierite: implications for dehydration, partial melting and graphite precipitation