Original Hosts, Clinical Features, Transmission Routes, and Vaccine Development for Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)

Wu, Ting; Kang, Shuntong; Peng, Wenyao; Zuo, Chenzhe; Zhu, Yuhao; Pan, Lijun; Fu, Keyun; You, Yaxian; Yang, Xinyuan; Luo, Xuan; Jiang, Liping; Deng, Mei

doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.702066

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 192 publications

(220 reference statements)

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“…Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), the etiologic agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), is mainly transmitted by respiratory droplets and direct contact with respiratory droplets between humans, and may be transmitted by aerosols when exposed to high concentration of SARS‐CoV‐2 contaminated aerosols for a long time in a relatively closed environment. 1 , 2 Meanwhile, some studies have found that SARS‐CoV‐2 also transmitted by fomite contact, a more complex and hidden transmission route, may introduce SARS‐CoV‐2 into the low prevalence countries and regions. 3 , 4 , 5 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS‐CoV‐2 cold‐chain transmission: Characteristics, risks, and strategies

Chen

Feng

Chen

et al. 2022

Journal of Medical Virology

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Low temperature and certain humidity are conducive to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) for long‐time survival and long‐distance spread during logistics and trades. Contaminated cold‐chain or frozen products and outer packaging act as the carrier of SARS‐CoV‐2, that infects the high‐risk population who works in the ports, cold storage or seafood market. Since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic worldwide, multiple localized outbreaks caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 contaminated imported cold‐chain products have been reported in China, which brought challenges to COVID‐19 prevention and control. Here, we review the evidences of SARS‐CoV‐2 cold‐chain transmission from six confirmed cold‐chain related COVID‐19 outbreaks in China, especially in terms of SARS‐CoV‐2 whole‐genome sequencing and virus isolation. In addition, we summarize the characteristics and mode of SARS‐CoV‐2 cold‐chain transmission from both six COVID‐19 outbreaks in China and the outbreaks suspected cold‐chain transmission in other countries. Finally, we analyze the underlying risks of SARS‐CoV‐2 cold‐chain transmission and propose the preventive countermeasures.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS‐CoV‐2 cold‐chain transmission: Characteristics, risks, and strategies

Chen

Feng

Chen

et al. 2022

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…SARS-CoV-2 predominantly spreads via the respiratory tract and through close contact. The main transmission route is droplet transmission, as the viruses from the infected respiratory tract can directly infect mucous membranes of people within 2m proximity ( Wu et al., 2021 ). Some evidence of airborne and fecal-to-oral transmission, but clinical cases of these mechanisms have not been reported ( Wu et al., 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main transmission route is droplet transmission, as the viruses from the infected respiratory tract can directly infect mucous membranes of people within 2m proximity ( Wu et al., 2021 ). Some evidence of airborne and fecal-to-oral transmission, but clinical cases of these mechanisms have not been reported ( Wu et al., 2021 ). Other routes such as sexual, vertical transmission, and breastfeeding are the possible concerns of COVID-19 transmission ( Wu et al., 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Zika Virus Infection During Research Vaccine Development: Investigation of the Laboratory-Acquired Infection via Nanopore Whole-Genome Sequencing

Bang

Chang³

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Zika virus (ZIKV) emerged as a serious public health problem since the first major outbreak in 2007. Current ZIKV diagnostic methods can successfully identify known ZIKV but are impossible to track the origin of viruses and pathogens other than known ZIKV strains. We planned to determine the ability of Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) in clinical epidemiology by evaluating whether it can successfully detect the origin of ZIKV in a suspected case of laboratory-acquired infection (LAI). ZIKV found in the patient sample was sequenced with nanopore sequencing technology, followed by the production of the phylogenetic tree, based on the alignment of 38 known ZIKV strains with the consensus sequence. The closest viral strain with the consensus sequence was the strain used in the laboratory, with a percent identity of 99.27%. We think WGS showed its time-effectiveness and ability to detect the difference between strains to the level of a single base. Additionally, to determine the global number of LAIs, a literature review of articles published in the last 10 years was performed, and 53 reports of 338 LAIs were found. The lack of a universal reporting system was worrisome, as in the majority of cases (81.1%), the exposure route was unknown.

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“…The SARS-CoV-2 infection is worldwide; the virus mutates fast, speeding the spreading of the infection and subsequent disease (Covid-19) due to numerous consecutive emerging variants, each more infectious than the previous one. Efficient vaccines have been made available against the first viral strains within an amazingly short period of time [1] . Despite this tremendous achievement, too few people can get full vaccination schedule to successfully stop the virus progression, and many places in the world are currently struggling to fight both the virus transmission and the disease especially in the most vulnerable populations [2] .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%