Orthodontic treatment effects on inflammatory marker profiles in saliva before and after 2 archwire changes

Abstract

Abstract. Periodontal tissue changes exerted by external forces in orthodontic treatment allow tooth movement. The changes in periodontal tissues i.e. inflammation can be monitored using gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). GCF is a component of saliva. Saliva could be used to monitor periodontal disease progression. The use of saliva to monitor periodontal tissues changes during orthodontic treatment is still unknown. Therefore, we observed the profiles of inflammatory markers namely creatine kinase ('CK), nitric oxide (NO), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in saliva of orthodontic patients to evaluate their importance in orthodontic treatment. A total of 21 subjects (13 female and 8 male) participated in this study. Samples were collected from gingival crevicular fluid at three period of archwire changes: baseline (M0), 2 weeks after 0.014" NiTi archwire (M1), and 2 weeks after 0.018" NiTi archwire (M2). All enzyme activities i.e. CK, LDH and AST were measured spectrophotometrically at 340 nm. Griess assay was used to measure nitric oxide level. CK activity, NO level, LDH activity and AST activity in saliva samples did not show significant differences among period of archwire changes. The use of inflammatory marker profiles in saliva may not represent the changes in periodontal tissues during orthodontic treatment.

Long-term assessment of the salivary oxidative stress status during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances

“…Acute inflammation of the periodontal tissues is among the changes that occur during orthodontic tooth movement. 6 Saliva is a main vehicle of defense in the oral cavity as it has a fundamental role in protecting & sustaining the health of the oral tissues. 10 Free radicals are produced from all the body tissues, including the oral cavity, during the physiological processes.…”

“…This might be attributed to the influence of NO on osteoclastogenesis. 6 There is controversy between different studies regarding the level of salivary NO during orthodontic treatment. Alarcon et al 13 found that the level of salivary NO increased from the seventh to the thirtieth day after the initiation of fixed orthodontic treatment in adult females and they suggested that future investigations are required to decide if the salivary nitric oxide level could be utilized as a marker for orthodontic tooth movement.…”

“…Massive amount of nitric oxide is related to tissue damage in periodontitis and high NO level indicates more severe inflammation. 6…”

Evaluation of Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity During Orthodontic Tooth Movement

“…Moreover, it has been shown that hyalinization can occur in the most compressed areas of the periodontal ligament after application of orthodontic force on teeth. This hyaline zone has also been described as an area of focal aseptic necrosis (7) .…”

“…In hypoxic conditions, cells will rely on anaerobic glycolysis. Many enzymes involved in an anaerobic metabolism can be potential markers (6)(7)(8)(9) .…”