Orthopaedic sport biomechanics – a new paradigm

Chan, Kai-Ming; Fong, Daniel Tik-Pui; Hong, Youlian; Yung, Patrick Shu‐Hang; Lui, Pauline Po Yee

doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2007.10.007

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…Over the years, various preventive strategies have been implemented, however, a recent epidemiology revealed that ankle sprain injury still dominated in sport injury, as it accounted for 14% of all attendance in an accident and emergency department [ 2 ]. In the recent decade, the growing orthopaedic biomechanics techniques have enhanced a better understanding of injury mechanism, and the subsequent research in sports injury prevention and management [ 3 ]. This paper summarizes the current understanding in acute ankle ligementous sprain injury in sports, which facilitates the future research on ankle sprain prevention.…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding acute ankle ligamentous sprain injury in sports

Fong

Chan

Mok

et al. 2009

BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil

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This paper summarizes the current understanding on acute ankle sprain injury, which is the most common acute sport trauma, accounting for about 14% of all sport-related injuries. Among, 80% are ligamentous sprains caused by explosive inversion or supination. The injury motion often happens at the subtalar joint and tears the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) which possesses the lowest ultimate load among the lateral ligaments at the ankle. For extrinsic risk factors to ankle sprain injury, prescribing orthosis decreases the risk while increased exercise intensity in soccer raises the risk. For intrinsic factors, a foot size with increased width, an increased ankle eversion to inversion strength, plantarflexion strength and ratio between dorsiflexion and plantarflexion strength, and limb dominance could increase the ankle sprain injury risk. Players with a previous sprain history, players wearing shoes with air cells, players who do not stretch before exercising, players with inferior single leg balance, and overweight players are 4.9, 4.3, 2.6, 2.4 and 3.9 times more likely to sustain an ankle sprain injury. The aetiology of most ankle sprain injuries is incorrect foot positioning at landing -a medially-deviated vertical ground reaction force causes an explosive supination or inversion moment at the subtalar joint in a short time (about 50 ms). Another aetiology is the delayed reaction time of the peroneal muscles at the lateral aspect of the ankle (60-90 ms). The failure supination or inversion torque is about 41-45 Nm to cause ligamentous rupture in simulated spraining tests on cadaver. A previous case report revealed that the ankle joint reached 48 degrees inversion and 10 degrees internal rotation during an accidental grade I ankle ligamentous sprain injury during a dynamic cutting trial in laboratory. Diagnosis techniques and grading systems vary, but the management of ankle ligamentous sprain injury is mainly conservative. Immobilization should not be used as it results in joint stiffness, muscle atrophy and loss of proprioception. Traditional Chinese medicine such as herbs, massage and acupuncture were well applied in China in managing sports injuries, and was reported to be effective in relieving pain, reducing swelling and edema, and restoring normal ankle function. Finally, the best practice of sports medicine would be to prevent the injury. Different previous approaches, including designing prophylactice devices, introducing functional interventions, as well as change of games rules were highlighted. This paper allows the readers to catch up with the previous researches on ankle sprain injury, and facilitate the future research idea on sport-related ankle sprain injury. Review IntroductionAnkle ligamentous sprain injury is the most common single type of acute sport trauma [1]. Over the years, various preventive strategies have been implemented, however, a recent epidemiology revealed that ankle sprain injury still dominated in sport injury, as it accounted for 14% of all attendance in an a...

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Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding acute ankle ligamentous sprain injury in sports

Fong

Chan

Mok

et al. 2009

BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil

Self Cite

225

195

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…From the perspective of orthopaedic sport biomechanics, 6 energy transfer between segments is considered one of the most critical concepts related to sports injury. 4,35,38 Two parameters, magnitude and quality of energy transfer, are usually considered to be risk factors for injury in sports.…”

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confidence: 99%

Energy Flow Analysis During the Tennis Serve

Martin

Bideau

et al. 2014

Am J Sports Med

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“…13 Therefore, describing the patterns of energy flow between segments during the windmill softball pitch would have considerable interest for sports medicine personnel from training, rehabilitative, and injury prevention perspectives. 17 Furthermore, bridging the gap between clinical measures such as joint ROM and muscular strength with laboratory measurements such as energy flow through the kinetic chain could prove beneficial in providing a knowledge base for the development of injury prevention protocols. Likewise, understanding the relationship between energy flow and pitch speed is especially valuable for athletes and coaches as they continue to improve player development strategies.…”

Section: O N L I N E F I R S T Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Hip Range of Motion and Isometric Strength on Energy Flow during Windmill Softball Pitching

Oliver

Wasserberger

Swart

et al. 2021

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context:Inadequate hip range of motion (ROM) and isometric strength (ISO) may interfere with energy flow through the kinetic chain and result in increased injury susceptibility. Objective:To examine the relationship of hip ROM and ISO with energy flow through the trunk and pitching arm segments during the windmill softball pitch in youth athletes. A subsequent purpose was to examine the relationship between energy flow and pitch speed. Design:Descriptive laboratory study. Setting:University research laboratory. Participants:A sample of 29 youth softball pitchers (11.2±1.3 yrs.; 155.0±10.4 cm; 53.2±12.6 kg). Main Outcome Measure(s):Bilateral hip internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) ROM and ISO were measured. Net energy outflow and peak rates of energy outflow from the distal ends of the trunk, humerus, and forearm were calculated for the acceleration phase of the windmill softball pitch, and pitch speed was measured. Results:Regression analysis revealed a significant effect of drive hip ER ISO on the net energy flow out of the distal ends of the trunk (p=0.045) and humerus (p=0.002). Specifically, increased drive hip ER ISO was associated with increased net energy outflow from the trunk to the humerus and from the humerus to the forearm. No significant effects of hip ROM or other hip ISO measures were observed. Additionally, pitchers who achieved higher peak rates of distal outflow tended to also achieve higher pitch speeds. Conclusions:There is an association between drive hip ER ISO and the net energy flow out of the distal ends of the trunk and humerus during the acceleration phase of the windmill softball pitch, emphasizing the importance of hip and lower body strength in the execution of the whole-body windmill pitch. Overall, energy flow analysis is an interesting new way to analyze pitching mechanics and will aid in further understanding of performance and injury risk in windmill softball pitching.

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Orthopaedic sport biomechanics – a new paradigm

Cited by 14 publications

References 111 publications

Understanding acute ankle ligamentous sprain injury in sports

Understanding acute ankle ligamentous sprain injury in sports

Energy Flow Analysis During the Tennis Serve

Effects of Hip Range of Motion and Isometric Strength on Energy Flow during Windmill Softball Pitching

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