Oscar Kellner (May 13, 1851 – September 22, 1911)

Breirem, K.

doi:10.1093/jn/47.1.1

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…The metabolizable energy intake is then calculated on the assumption that 0.6% of the gross energy intake is lost as methane (Breirem, 1935;Verstegen, 1971). As the energy lost as heat was measured, the energy retained by the animals was calculated by subtracting the heat loss from the metabolizable energy.…”

Section: Memrements Made and Analytical Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of environmental temperature and plane of nutrition on heat loss, energy retention and deposition of protein and fat in groups of growing pigs

et al. 1973

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I. Eight groups each of four castrated male pigs, 25-30 kg initial body-weight, were kept for periods of 3 weeks in a calorimeter equipped as a pig pen and maintained at either 8" or zoo. At each temperature two feeding levels (g food/kg body-weight per d) were used, 45 and 52 at So, and 39 and 45 at 20'. Metabolizable energy, heat loss and nitrogen balance were measured.2. Heat loss was higher at 8" than at zoo and was independent of plane of nutrition, whereas at 20' the higher heat loss occurred at the higher plane of nutrition. Energy retention depended on both temperature and feeding level, and was highest at the 52 g feeding level at 8".3. N retention was not influenced by environmental temperature but varied with plane of nutrition (correlation coefficient = 094), the increase being 9.98 ( & 0.8) mg N per g food increase. The correlation coefficient between N retention and body-weight gain was also 0'94; body. weight gain was correlated with N retention rather than with fat deposition. Fat gain was reduced at the lower feeding levels and at the lower environmental temperature at the feeding level of 45 g/kg.4. The partial efficiency of energy retention at zoo was 66.5%. From this efficiency the maintenance requirement (at zero energy retention) at zoo was calculated to be 418 kJ/kgo*'5. At 8" the partial efficiency of energy retention was 99.4%.Calorimetric measurements have shown that, in addition to effects associated with body size and thermal insulation, the rate of an animal's heat loss is determined principally by two factors, the plane of nutrition and the environmental temperature. The environmental temperature also determines which of these two factors is primary : in the zone of thermal neutrality, the plane of nutrition is the chief determinant, with the higher heat loss occurring at the higher level of feeding, whereas under cooler conditions heat loss is dependent on the environmental temperature and the plane of nutrition has little effect. This relation has been demonstrated for heat production measured by indirect calorimetry in individual clipped sheep (Graham, Wainman, Blaxter & Armstrong, 1959) and in groups of pigs (Verstegen, 1971), and for heat loss measured by direct calorimetry in groups of pigs (Close, Mount & Start, 1971).In the direct calorimetric experiments on pigs each group was exposed to two consecutive planes of nutrition while the environmental temperature was held constant. In earlier work (Holmes & Mount, 1967), each group had been exposed to two consecutive environmental temperatures while the plane of nutrition was held constant.In both instances at the lowest environmental temperatures used (7 and 9O respectively) at a given level of food intake the rate of heat loss was increased significantly and the rate of energy retention (metabolizable energy intake less heat loss) reduced correspondingly.In both sets of experiments on pigs there was the possibility that the results obtained

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Section: Memrements Made and Analytical Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thorbek (1969)) in measurements of energy metabolism in pigs ranging from 30 to 85 kg body-weight, found the energy loss in the urine to be 1-8y~ of GE. Assuming that methane production in the pig is 0.6% of GE (Breirem, 1935(Breirem, , 1939Verstegen, 1971), the metabolizability of the ration was 7+0-75*3% of GE.…”

Section: Me Heat Loss and Ermentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of environmental temperature and plane of nutrition on heat loss, energy retention and deposition of protein and fat in groups of growing pigs

et al. 1973

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“…(1956). (4) Breirem (1935Breirem ( 1939 ' Mitchell & Kelley (1938). (6)A value of sodo Ca1./;4 h has been taken (Lusk, 1931).…”

Section: Vol I7mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition and climatic stress in farm animals

1958

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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“…On the same basis Axelsson's (1939Axelsson's ( , 1945 argument that there is an optimum fibre content for maximal utilization of metabolizable energy in a ration, even if it is true, which is unlikely (Breirem, 1944(Breirem, , 1953, does not lend support to the use of metabolizable energy for feed evaluation. The practical success of 'forage farming' (depending on roughage feeds) on the one hand and the 'Boutflour system' (using mainly concentrate feeds) on the other, makes it quite clear that the existence of any physiological fibre optimum has little economic significance.…”

Section: Symposium Proceedings I955mentioning

confidence: 99%

Methods of Assessing the Energy Values of Foods for Ruminant Animals

Blaxter

Graham

1955

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Assessment of energy value of foods 131of the same species? Two world wars have forced us to think of human beings and of farm animals as populations in a statistical sense. We count heads, assign 'man values' for energy requirements. Such a practice is essential for the administrator, but it does ignore individual differences. We have no evidence for variation in the efficiency of the fundamental biochemical processes with which individuals of the same species liberate energy from food. Yet human beings, as individuals, do differ in their instinctive demand for food. This difference is not necessarily correlated with the expenditure of energy. The obese human being within the nation is an inefficient individual. But the ox, fattening in his stall, is fulfilling his man-made destiny.The assessment of the energy value of human and animal foods cannot then be studied as a problem in pure chemistry. In due time biochemistry will elucidate the complexities of the processes at molecular and cellular level which determine the liberation of energy from food. But the final word is with the living animal itself which is a biological entity. And a human being is also a person.

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Oscar Kellner (May 13, 1851 – September 22, 1911)

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

The effects of environmental temperature and plane of nutrition on heat loss, energy retention and deposition of protein and fat in groups of growing pigs

The effects of environmental temperature and plane of nutrition on heat loss, energy retention and deposition of protein and fat in groups of growing pigs

Nutrition and climatic stress in farm animals

Methods of Assessing the Energy Values of Foods for Ruminant Animals

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