Oscillating Magnetic Field Regulates Cell Adherence and Endothelialization Based on Magnetic Nanoparticle-Modified Bacterial Cellulose

Abstract

Despite the widely explored biomaterial scaffolds in vascular tissue engineering applications lately, no ideal platform has been provided for small diameter synthetic vascular grafts mainly due to the thrombosis issue. Endothelium is the only known completely non-thrombogenic material; so, functional endothelialization onto vascular biomaterials is critical in maintaining the patency of vascular networks. Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a natural biomaterial with superior biocompatibility and appropriate hydrophilicity as potential vascular grafts. In previous studies, surface modification of active peptides such as Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequences onto biomaterials has been proven to achieve accelerated and selective endothelial cell (EC) adhesion. In our study, we demonstrated a new strategy to remotely regulate the adhesion of endothelial cells based on an oscillating magnetic field and achieve successful endothelialization on the modified BC membranes. In details, we synthesized bacterial cellulose (BC), magnetic BC (MBC), and RGD peptide-grafted magnetic BC (RMBC), modified with the HOOC-PEG-COOH-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (PEG-IONs). The endothelial cells were cultured on the three materials under different frequencies of an oscillating magnetic field, including "stationary" (0 Hz), "slow" (0.1 Hz), and "fast" (2 Hz) groups. Compared to BC and MBC membranes, the cells on RMBC membranes generally show better adhesion and proliferation. Meanwhile, the "slow" frequency of a magnetic field promotes this phenomenon on RMBC and achieves endothelialization after culture for 4 days, whereas "fast" inhibits the cellular attachment. Overall, we demonstrate a non-invasive and convenient method to regulate the endothelialization process, with promising applications in vascular tissue engineering.

Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications: From the Soul of the Earth to the Deep History of Ourselves

“…A synthetic vascular model material for the remotely assisted endothelialization has also been presented based on bacterial cellulose, PEG-coated IONPs, and Arg-Gly-Asp (RMBC) . This nanocomposite structure demonstrated better results on the adhesion (23% higher) and proliferation of murine endothelial C166 cells under magnetic field applied (40 ± 10 mT, 0.1 Hz) after 24 h and 4 days.…”

Recent Advances of Natural Cellulosic Non-Woven Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering

“…Meanwhile, applying slow frequency by an external oscillating magnetic field promoted cell attachment so that the endothelialization was achieved after culture for four days. As suggested by the authors, the developed method is a non-invasive and convenient way to regulate endothelialization and can be used for vascular tissue engineering applications [39].…”

Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering

“…Karbastian et al fabricated artificial blood vessels reinforced with carbon nanotubes and IONPs from biodegradable polyurethane (PU)-thermoplastic-elastin compounds that exhibited efficient tensile strength and reasonable flexibility [ 92 ]. Another study evaluated a strategy to improve the adhesion of ECs to various membranes of bacterial cellulose (BC) by applying oscillating magnetic fields [ 93 ]. Compared with BC and magnetic BC, ECs on RGD peptide-grafted magnetic BC membranes generally showed better cell adhesion and proliferation that is further enhanced by applying a low magnetic field frequency of 0.1 Hz.…”