Oscillatory rheometry has been widely
used in bulk rheological
measurements of complex fluids such as polymer solutions and melts.
Despite recent progress on bulk oscillatory rheology, however, the
vast majority of single polymer studies has focused on chain dynamics
in simple on/off step strain-rate experiments. In order to fully understand
dynamic polymer microstructure and to establish connections with bulk
rheology, there is a clear need to study the dynamics of single polymers
in more realistic, nonidealized model flows with transient forcing
functions. In this work, we study the dynamics of single polymers
in large amplitude oscillatory extensional (LAOE) flow using experiments
and Brownian dynamics (BD) simulations, and we characterize transient
polymer stretch, orientation angle, and average unsteady stretch as
functions of the flow strength (Weissenberg number, Wi) and probing frequency (Deborah number, De). Small
and large amplitude sinusoidal oscillatory extensional flow are generated
in a cross-slot microfluidic geometry, which is facilitated by using
an automated flow device called the Stokes trap. This approach allows
the conformational dynamics of single DNA molecules to be observed
in oscillatory extensional flow for long times. In this way, we observe
a characteristic periodic motion of polymers in LAOE including compression,
rotation, and stretching between the time-dependent principal axes
of extension and compression. Interestingly, distinct polymer conformations
are observed in LAOE that appear to be analogous to buckling instabilities
for rigid or semiflexible filaments under compression. Average unsteady
polymer extension is further characterized for single polymers in
oscillatory extension across a wide range of Wi and De. In the limit of low Wi, average polymer
stretch is interpreted using analytical results based on a Hookean
dumbbell model, which can be used to define a critical Wi at the linear to nonlinear transition in oscillatory extension.
These results reveal the existence of a master curve for average polymer
stretch when plotted as a function of an effective Weissenberg number Wi
eff. Experimental results are compared to BD
simulations, and we observe good agreement between simulations and
experiments for transient and average unsteady dynamics. Finally,
average transient dynamics in oscillatory extensional flow are further
interpreted in the context of Pipkin space, defined by the two-dimensional
space described by Wi and De.