Osmotic adjustment in Spirulina platensis

Warr, S. R. C.; Reed, Robert H.; Chudek, J. A.; Foster, R.; Stewart, W. D. P.

doi:10.1007/bf00395153

Cited by 85 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The spectrum (Fig. 1) ppm) that were highly reminiscent of those of O-a-D-glucopyranosyl-(1--+2)-glycerol (glucosylglycerol), a heteroside that accumulates in salt-stressed marine cyanobacteria (4,28,33,47). These nine resonances were the most intense of the spectrum, suggesting that the putative heteroside is the major organic solute accumulated in P. mendocina SKB70 grown at 0.8 M NaCl (Fig.…”

Section: Identificationmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Other NMR parameters were as described previously (9). The compounds in the extracts were identified by comparing the chemical shifts in the spectrum with those of authentic compounds (L-glutamate, N-acetylglutaminylglutamine amide [NAGGN], a,a-D-trehalose, L-proline, and glycine betaine) or published values for glucosylglycerol (4,28,47). Osmolyte concentrations were determined by comparison of the peak heights with an internal standard (50 mM alanine) and were verified in some cases by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) or by amino acid analysis.…”

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confidence: 99%

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A prominent role for glucosylglycerol in the adaptation of Pseudomonas mendocina SKB70 to osmotic stress

Pocard

Smith

et al. 1994

J Bacteriol

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. Microbiol. 60:215-231, 1970) was investigated. In response to osmotic stress, this species accumulated a number of compatible solutes, the intracellular levels of which depended on both the osmolarity and the ionic composition of the growth medium. Glucosylglycerol [a-D-glucopyranosyl- Microorganisms survive and proliferate in environments of varied ionic composition and salinity ranging from freshwater to hypersaline habitats. To grow in an osmotically stressful environment, a bacterial cell must establish and maintain its internal pressure above that of its surrounding medium. This is commonly achieved through the accumulation of osmotically active solutes (osmolytes) in the cytosol of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (7,13,23,37). Because they do not interfere with macromolecular function and maintain physiological processes at high intracellular concentrations, osmolytes are also termed compatible solutes. Potassium and glutamate are ubiquitous bacterial osmolytes which are usually accumulated together as mutual counterions. Most other osmolytes are low-molecular-weight organic compounds which share the following features: high solubility in water, a neutral net electric charge at a physiological pH, and a lack of toxicity toward enzymes when assayed in vitro at high but physiologically relevant concentrations (8,11,35,48).Although they are accumulated to significant levels, some osmolytes have escaped detection by usual chemical methods because they lacked a reactive group (39,42) or because of specific deficiencies of the analytical methods employed (37). Natural-abundance 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a nondestructive method enabling the detection of all organic compatible solutes that accumulate to significant levels in bacteria, in plants, or in animal tissues. A unique attribute of NMR spectroscopy is its noninvasiveness, which sometimes allows the detection of osmolytes directly in situ, in intact bacterial cells, in organelles, or in tissue fragments (8,13,25,39). Fast atom bombardment mass spectrom-* Corresponding author. Permanent address:

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Section: Identificationmentioning

confidence: 97%

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confidence: 99%

A prominent role for glucosylglycerol in the adaptation of Pseudomonas mendocina SKB70 to osmotic stress

Pocard

Smith

et al. 1994

J Bacteriol

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“…In addition to glycogen, these molecules can serve as substrates for fermentation in cyanobacteria (22). Both glucosyl-glycerol and trehalose are present in Arthrospira platensis (29) and A. maxima CS-328 (8). It was shown that a 4-fold increase in carbohydrate content can be achieved by growing A. platensis in media supplemented with additional 1 M NaCl relative to no additional NaCl (28).…”

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confidence: 98%

Boosting Autofermentation Rates and Product Yields with Sodium Stress Cycling: Application to Production of Renewable Fuels by Cyanobacteria

Carrieri

Momot

Brasg

et al. 2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Sodium concentration cycling was examined as a new strategy for redistributing carbon storage products and increasing autofermentative product yields following photosynthetic carbon fixation in the cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima. The salt-tolerant hypercarbonate strain CS-328 was grown in a medium containing 0.24 to 1.24 M sodium, resulting in increased biosynthesis of soluble carbohydrates to up to 50% of the dry weight at 1.24 M sodium. Hypoionic stress during dark anaerobic metabolism (autofermentation) was induced by resuspending filaments in low-sodium (bi)carbonate buffer (0.21 M), which resulted in accelerated autofermentation rates. For cells grown in 1.24 M NaCl, the fermentative yields of acetate, ethanol, and formate increase substantially to 1.56, 0.75, and 1.54 mmol/(g [dry weight] of cells ⅐ day), respectively (36-, 121-, and 6-fold increases in rates relative to cells grown in 0.24 M NaCl). Catabolism of endogenous carbohydrate increased by approximately 2-fold upon hypoionic stress. For cultures grown at all salt concentrations, hydrogen was produced, but its yield did not correlate with increased catabolism of soluble carbohydrates. Instead, ethanol excretion becomes a preferred route for fermentative NADH reoxidation, together with intracellular accumulation of reduced products of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) formation when cells are hypoionically stressed. In the absence of hypoionic stress, hydrogen production is a major beneficial pathway for NAD ؉ regeneration without wasting carbon intermediates such as ethanol derived from acetylCoA. This switch presumably improves the overall cellular economy by retaining carbon within the cell until aerobic conditions return and the acetyl unit can be used for biosynthesis or oxidized via respiration for a much greater energy return.

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“…This cyanobacterium tolerates salt stress up to 750 mM NaCl, about 1.5-fold the concentration in sea water (8,22,23,26). Accordingly, it can survive in lakes with high salt concentrations (12).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Accordingly, it can survive in lakes with high salt concentrations (12). It has been reported that Spirulina accumulates trehalose and glucosyl glyceride when exposed to high salt concentrations (23). However, the molecular mechanism responsible for the accumulation of these compatible solutes has not yet been determined.…”

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confidence: 99%

Changes in the Amount of Cellular Trehalose, the Activity of Maltooligosyl Trehalose Hydrolase, and the Expression of Its Gene in Response to Salt Stress in the Cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis

et al. 2009

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The amount of trehalose in cells of the cyanobacterium Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis increased rapidly when a high concentration of NaCl was added to the culture medium. Inhibition of sodium ion transport by amiloride and monensin significantly decreased the amount of cellular trehalose, suggesting that the influx of sodium ions into the cells is coupled with the accumulation of trehalose. The amount of maltooligosyl trehalose hydrolase (Mth) which produces trehalose from maltooligosyl trehalose increased gradually after the increase in cellular trehalose. The gene for Mth was cloned and identified by Southern blot analysis. Real time RT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression of mth was enhanced by the addition of NaCl to the culture medium. It was concluded that both catalytic activity of Mth and the synthesis of Mth protein were enhanced by the addition of NaCl to the cells.

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Osmotic adjustment in Spirulina platensis

Cited by 85 publications

References 19 publications

A prominent role for glucosylglycerol in the adaptation of Pseudomonas mendocina SKB70 to osmotic stress

A prominent role for glucosylglycerol in the adaptation of Pseudomonas mendocina SKB70 to osmotic stress

Boosting Autofermentation Rates and Product Yields with Sodium Stress Cycling: Application to Production of Renewable Fuels by Cyanobacteria

Changes in the Amount of Cellular Trehalose, the Activity of Maltooligosyl Trehalose Hydrolase, and the Expression of Its Gene in Response to Salt Stress in the Cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis

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