Osseointegration of anodized titanium implants under different current voltages: a rabbit study

Abstract

The oxide layer that covers a titanium surface is extremely stable and appears to have excellent biocompatibility, which can result in successful osseointegration. The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of an oxide layer formed by anodic oxidation (anodization), and to evaluate the extent of bone healing around the anodized implant. The screw-type implants were made of commercially pure titanium (Grade 2). The Group 1 samples had a turned surface, and three other types of experimental specimens were anodized under constant voltages of 190 V (Group 2), 230 V (Group 3) and 270 V (Group 4). The surface characteristics of each sample type were inspected. Removal torque was measured after a 4-week healing period and the histomorphometric analysis was performed 6 weeks after implantation in rabbit tibiae. There was an increase in both the size and number of pores as the anodizing voltage increased. The Ra value of the Group 4 samples was higher than those in the Group 1 and 2 samples (P < 0.05). Group 3 showed a difference compared with Group 1 (P < 0.05). A thicker oxide layer, which contained crystalline (anatase) TiO(2) with the inclusion of some electrolytes (Ca, P), was formed at the higher anodizing voltage. Group 4 had higher removal torque values and percentages of bone-to-implant contact than the other groups (P < 0.05). The anodized titanium implants showed more intimate and stronger connections with peri-implant bone during early osseointegration than the turned titanium implants in this experimental model.

The Electrochemical Behavior of Titanium Improved by Nanotubular Oxide Formed by Anodization for Biomaterial Applications: A Review

“…This layer with approximately 5 nm thickness forms spontaneously in air or water and exhibits favorable thermodynamic properties, and low ion formation and electrical conductivity in the physiological environment 5 . The stability of the titanium oxide film depends strongly on its composition, structure and thickness 17 .…”

“…Also, the effects of nanotopographical on the bioactivity of titanium were studied in virto 55,70,[84][85][86][87][88] and in vivo 4,89,90 . Moreover, the growth of nanotube oxide was conducted on binary titanium alloys such as: Ti-Zr 91,92 , Ti-Nb 93 , NiTi 94 , ternary alloys such as: Ti-6Al-4V 5] , Ti-6Al-7Nb 6] and Ti-13Nb-13Zr 7 , and quarenty alloys like Ti-35Nb-xZr 7,98 , Ti-29Nb-xZr 7 nd Ti-35Nb-5Ta-7Zr alloy 5 .…”

“…The high and remarkable corrosion resistance is attributed to a very stable passive oxide film formed on its surface when exposed to the air or water 2,5 . The self-healing nature and compactness of the titanium oxide film make it suitable for many hostile environments 1 .…”

Organic–Inorganic Surface Modifications for Titanium Implant Surfaces

“…Traditionally, these approaches focused on the modification of the implant surface topography and morphology (17,18). These surface modifications mainly included mechanical methods such as machining (19,20), grinding, polishing (21) and blasting (22,23), and chemical methods such as acid etching (24,25), alkali etching (26,27) and anodization (28,29) to alter the topography of the titanium surface. Another approach towards the creation of a biologically active implant surface involves the application of an additional coating onto the titanium surface by means of physicochemical and biochemical deposition techniques (30,31).…”

Surface properties and early murine pre-osteoblastic cell responses of anodized TiO₂ surfaces

“…This phenomenon also occurs on the surfaces of bioactive glass and glass ceramics [7,8]. Research showed that high degree of bone contact and bone formation was achieved with anodized titanium surface [9][10][11]. Saldana et al reported that the ability of human osteoblasts to differentiate when cultured on thermally oxidized titanium alloy [12].…”