Osteomyelitis and the role of biofilms in chronic infection

Abstract

Understanding the mechanisms implicated in the initial attachment, development, and maturation of a biofilm phenotype are of tremendous importance for their effect on the medical, industrial, and public health arenas. This review explores the current understanding of the nature of biofilms and the impact that molecular interactions between the bacteria themselves, as well as between bacteria and the host, may have on biofilm development and phenotype using the nonmotile Gram-positive coccus, Staphylococcus aureus, as an example .

Effect of ciprofloxacin incorporation in PVA and PVA bioactive glass composite scaffolds

“…Microorganisms that enter bone structures by spreading from the bloodstream or surrounding tissues or by direct contamination during trauma or surgery causes osteomyelitis [2]. A chronic osteomyelitis treatment protocol combines both surgical removing of dead bone tissue and prolonged parenteral or oral antimicrobial therapy [3][4][5][6]. The efficiency of systemic antimicrobial therapy is limited by poor drug accumulation in bone tissue, an impaired local immune response, and changes in bacterial growth rate, biofilm formation and intracellular location of the pathogens [4,5].…”

“…A chronic osteomyelitis treatment protocol combines both surgical removing of dead bone tissue and prolonged parenteral or oral antimicrobial therapy [3][4][5][6]. The efficiency of systemic antimicrobial therapy is limited by poor drug accumulation in bone tissue, an impaired local immune response, and changes in bacterial growth rate, biofilm formation and intracellular location of the pathogens [4,5]. Thus systemic treatment should be continued for at least six weeks, which causes important side effects and makes patient compliance difficult [6].…”

Medical biofilms

“…Due to space constraints, I urge the reader to explore the many excellent recent literature reviews of medical biofilms that are directed at such topics as overall biofilm formation and infection (Donlan, 2002;Hall-Stoodley and Stoodley, 2005;Hall-Stoodley et al, 2004;Parsek and Singh, 2003;Reisner et al, 2005), biofilm diagnosis and treatment (Fux et al, 2003), general survival strategies of infectious biofilms (Foster, 2005;Fux et al, 2005), biofilm antibiotic/ antimicrobial resistance (Döring et al, 2000;Mah and O'Toole, 2001;Stewart, 2002), quorum sensing control of biofilm formation (Bjarnsholt and Givskov, 2007;Harraghy et al, 2007;Smith and Iglewski, 2003), and biofilm issues related to specific infections, such as: cystic fibrosis (Høiby, 2002) osteomyelitis (Brady et al, 2007;Wagner et al, 2005), otitis media (Bakaletz, 2007;Post et al, 2007), and dental caries and oral infections (Bryers and Ratner, 2006;Offenbacher et al, 2007;Selwitz et al, 2007;Slayton et al, 2006).…”

Could Targeted, Antibiotic-Loaded Gold Nanoconstructs be a New Magic Bullet to Fight Infection?

“…This dictates the need for therapeutic measures that extend far beyond systemic antibiotic treatment [12]. In the case of orthopedic infections, this is reflected in the need for surgical intervention to debride and remove infected tissues and/or implants [13]. This intrinsic resistance suggests that the development of new antibiotics is unlikely to adequately address the clinical problem of biofilm-associated infections.…”