Osteoporosis Risk Prediction Among a Group of Postmenopausal Females: A Case-Control Study

Abstract

Background: Osteoporosis is often called the silent disease as the first symptom of osteoporosis is a fracture. In Egypt, 53.9% of postmenopausal women have osteopenia and 28.4% have osteoporosis. Failure to identify patients at risk for osteoporosis and fracture results in missed opportunities for prevention. Objectives: The study objectives were to assess the association between osteoporosis risk factors and severity of osteopenia/osteoporosis in postmenopausal females and to suggest a simple screening tool for prediction of osteopenia/osteoporosis in primary health care. Methods: This is a case-control study. A sample size of 210 candidates was calculated using Epi-Info version 6. Purposive non-probability sampling technique was used for selection of the candidates. Interviewing questionnaire, Correlations and logistic regression analysis were used. Results: The independent significant predictors for osteopenia/osteoporosis were: advanced age, inadequate physical exercise, inadequate indoor sun exposure, personal history of fragility fractures, improper pregnancy spacing, high parity, early menopause, low body-mass index and family history of osteoporosis. Conclusion: This study revealed a high prevalence of undiagnosed osteopenia and osteoporosis. It is recommended to use the above 9 risk factors as a simple cost-effective tool in Primary Health Care (PHC) for early prediction of abnormal bone mineral density (BMD). The majority of these factors can be modified for the early prevention.

Synthesized Nanorods Hydroxyapatite by Microwave-Assisted Technology for In Vitro Osteoporotic Bone Regeneration through Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway

“…According to the statistical analysis of the Egyptian Osteoporosis Prevention Society, osteoporosis affects one in three women and one in five men. In Egypt, 53.9% of postmenopausal women have osteopenia and 28.4% have osteoporosis [ 6 ]. By 2050, the number of patients will increase annually by 21.3 million [ 4 ] as the number of elderly patients (over 50 years) will increase dramatically.…”

“…Half of the survivors are incapable to walk, and 25% are kept in long-term care in a nursing home and this influences the economy as by 2050 about 80–90% of these patients will be untreated due to the several financial burdens [ 4 , 5 ]. Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass and bone microarchitecture deterioration due to the more rapid bone resorption process than bone formation, which usually leads to bone fragility and increased risks of fractures [ 6 ].…”