Other Non‐Halogenated Flame Retardant Chemistries and Future Flame Retardant Solutions

Morgan, Alexander B.; Cusack, P. A.; Wilkie, Charles A.

doi:10.1002/9781118939239.ch9

Cited by 34 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 147 publications

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“…Metal could be associated with phosphorous compounds under various forms such as combination of phosphorous flame retardant agents with metallic oxide nano/micro particles [29][30][31][32], phosphinate salts [33], metallic hypophosphite [34] or by grafting phosphorylated compounds onto the surface of metallic nanooxides [35]. The use of metallic compounds helps for improving the thermal stability of the char layer generated during the combustion and makes it stronger and more robust [36]. Some metallic compounds are more effective than others and the reasons for these differences are not always clear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metallic phytates as efficient bio-based phosphorous flame retardant additives for poly(lactic acid)

Costes

Laoutid

Dumazert

et al. 2015

Polymer Degradation and Stability

106

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metallic phytates as efficient bio-based phosphorous flame retardant additives for poly(lactic acid)

Costes

Laoutid

Dumazert

et al. 2015

Polymer Degradation and Stability

106

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“…Combining BSDH and APP enables for the formation of a high amount of thermally stable char. This protective carbonaceous char may act as a thermal barrier to prevent polymer degradation and also avoids the transfer of flammable gases to vapor phase and penetration of oxygen into condensed phases during combustion . Insulation character of char residue can be evaluated from its properties such as cohesion, morphology, thickness, and porosity .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This protective carbonaceous char may act as a thermal barrier to prevent polymer degradation and also avoids the transfer of flammable gases to vapor phase and penetration of oxygen into condensed phases during combustion. 45 Insulation character of char residue can be evaluated from its properties such as cohesion, morphology, thickness, and porosity. 46,47 Therefore, the remaining carbonaceous residues after cone calorimeter tests were investigated using XRD and Raman spectroscopy.…”

Section: Characterization Of the Residual Charmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three in one: β‐cyclodextrin, nanohydroxyapatite, and a nitrogen‐rich polymer integrated into a new flame retardant for poly (lactic acid)

et al. 2018

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Summary A new halogen‐free flame retardant was developed by integrating β‐cyclodextrin, triazin ring, and nanohydroxyapatite (BSDH) into a hybrid system. A β‐cyclodextrin was grafted to a commercially available SABO®STAB UV94 via an aromatic deanhydrate. The BSDH was prepared in situ in the presence of β‐cyclodextrin‐grafted nitrogen‐rich precursor. The resulting hybrid was applied as a flame retardant for poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and compared for performance with ammonium polyphosphate (APP). PLA composites containing BSDH and APP, individually or simultaneously, were examined for thermal degradation and flammability by TGA, cone calorimeter, and pyrolysis‐combustion flow calorimetry. TGA results confirmed enhancement of thermal stability of PLA with assistance of BSDH compared to APP. The gases evolved during thermal degradation were assessed by a thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier infrared spectroscopy device. APP revealed catalytic effect to initiate PLA degradation, while BSDH continued to release some gases at elevated temperatures. The flame retardancy of PLA/APP/BSDH blend containing only 10 wt.% of additives was significantly improved. In cone calorimetric tests, a significant fall in peak of heat release rate was observed for this sample, 49% more than that of neat PLA, which was indicative of more gas and condensed phase reflected in more char residue. The corresponding PLA/APP sample, however, showed 17% improvement, as compared to neat PLA. Also, total heat release rate of PLA/APP/BSDH was 45 MJ.m−2, whereas those of PLA and PLA/APP were 89 and 65 MJ.m−2, respectively. BSDH and APP showed a synergistic effect on improving the flame retardancy of PLA composites.

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“…Phosphorus containing compounds are used as flame retardant agents as an alternative to halogenated compound, which are effective but, on the other hand, they are considered to be hazardous for the environment and human health [ 21 ]. The structure of CaPhP contains a high amount of phosphorus as well as bound water molecules and seemed promising for this kind of application.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Layered calcium phenylphosphonate: a hybrid material for a new generation of nanofillers

Kopecká

Beneš²,

Melánová³

et al. 2018

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.

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The use of nanosheets of layered calcium phenylphosphonate as a filler in a polymeric matrix was investigated. Layered calcium phenylphosphonate (CaPhP), with chemical formula CaC6H5PO3∙2H2O, is a hybrid organic–inorganic material that exhibits a hydrophobic character due to the presence of phenyl groups on the surface of the layers. In this paper, various CaPhP synthesis methods were studied with the aim of obtaining a product most suitable for its subsequent exfoliation. The liquid-based approach was used for the exfoliation. It was found that the most promising technique for the exfoliation of CaPhP in an amount sufficient for incorporation into polymers involved using propan-2-ol with a strong shear force generated in a high-shear disperser. The filler was tested both in its unexfoliated and exfoliated forms for the preparation of polymer composites, for which a low molecular weight epoxy resin based on bisphenol A was used as a polymer matrix. The prepared samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, optical and scanning electron microscopy, and dynamic mechanical analysis. Flammability and gas permeation tests were also performed. The addition of the nanofiller was found to influence the composite properties – the exfoliated particles were found to have a higher impact on the properties of the prepared composites than the unexfoliated particles of the same loading

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Other Non‐Halogenated Flame Retardant Chemistries and Future Flame Retardant Solutions

Cited by 34 publications

References 147 publications

Metallic phytates as efficient bio-based phosphorous flame retardant additives for poly(lactic acid)

Metallic phytates as efficient bio-based phosphorous flame retardant additives for poly(lactic acid)

Three in one: β‐cyclodextrin, nanohydroxyapatite, and a nitrogen‐rich polymer integrated into a new flame retardant for poly (lactic acid)

Layered calcium phenylphosphonate: a hybrid material for a new generation of nanofillers

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